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Analysis Of The Poem The Dead - 1416 Words

The Dead Muse: A Critical Analysis of The Raven Your Name Your University The Dead Muse: A Critical Analysis of The Raven The Raven by Edgar Allen Poe is a very famous poem which intricately weaves layer upon layer of meaning through singsong verses. Combining allusions to literature, mythology and religion, the poem tells many stories at once while evoking a feeling of nonsense and a descent into insanity. It is hard to understand what the poem is about—if anything at all, and Poe does not seem eager to elucidate this. However, one such thread weaving through the poem may be a story of Poe s struggle with poverty and obscurity, as he incessantly grasps for elusive fame without success. In this sense, his search for lost Lenore may†¦show more content†¦At first he musters strength and feels his soul growing, but upon opening the door, Poe (1845) writes, â€Å"Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing / Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before† (lines 25-26). Having taken a step towards the muse, we see the artist in his attempt to reach out to something on a familiar canvas, that of darkness and dreaming. The invocation of the imagination here makes it clear that he is searching for Lenore not in the physical realm, but within the unseen and untapped creative landscape. It is not, however, working and the darkness merely echoes his own loneliness. The fact that he is searching through obscure works itself is also important as it symbolizes more than just a curious mind but an artist who is trapped in obscurity. The loneliness in turn may be understood as a metaphor for poverty, and he, the aspiring artist, is unable to break out of this trap—into fame, and wealth. Lenore herself is an obscure being, one of whom nothing is known save for the sole line identifying her as â€Å"the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore† (Poe, 1845, line 10). This lack of knowledge about her means she cannot possibly be a lover whom he has lost, but rather must be a lover whom he has never known. However, the narrator clings to his isolation and books in hopes of finding her, rather than seeking connection with the outside world which will sustainShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem The Dead 1672 Words   |  7 Pagesher money. It is set on this day, because it highlights Gabriel’s epiphany. He is there to break traditions, because they are either dead or dying, just like the Christ. He brings more modern views in regards to how the people respond and remember the dead. The dead in the story are the old traditions that they hold. Also, the memories the people there have on the dead from their past. Specifically, Gretta’s first love, Michael Furey. Gabriel is different from other party guests as he is more modernRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Dead 2307 Words   |  10 PagesMcCrea and Cheng have differing views on the role of identity within Joyce’s â€Å"The Dead.† McCrea argues that identity is incomplete because of the limitations of language whereas Cheng argues that the cultural atmosphere shapes identity. I, however, agree with certain aspects of both arguments. Firstly, I believe that McCrea’s focus on failed communication is needed to understand the nature of identity within â€Å"The Dead;† however, McCrea incorrectly blames everything on the failure of language, whenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Living Dead 1479 Words   |  6 PagesThe Living Dead: An Analysis of Emily Dickinson’s 1861 version of â€Å"Safe in their Alabaster Chambers—â€Å" Assorted critics commonly believe that Emily Dickinson’s 1861 version of â€Å"Safe in Their Alabaster Chambers—† indicates the speaker’s mood about death and religion. One critic’s view, specifically Brent E. Kinser, coincides with the common perception, and adds that she signifies the inevitability of death in the universe (Kinser 144). In his periodical, â€Å"Dickinson’s SAFE IN THEIR ALABASTER CHAMBERS†Read MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Dead 1399 Words   |  6 Pageswould have happened given a certain set of circumstances, but a story all the same. The memories are recalled with a sense of melancholic nostalgia, as though by simply mulling over and transferring the memory to paper, the end will change. In â€Å"The Dead,† Joyce’s protagonist Gabriel Conroy depicted as someone generally considered well-respected, well-educated, and well-mannered. The story takes place over the course of one evening whereby Gabriel and his wife are attending a party hosted by his auntsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem For The Union Dead 1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe poem â€Å"For the Union dead† by Robert Lowell is one of the writings whose title is exquisitely regarded. Commencing as a private meditation of his childhood the poet flashbacks on the commitment of Colonel Robert Shaw a union officer who was assassinated during the battalion of the black soldiers during the time of the civil war. Altering from the historical ancient and modern analysis, the poet is depicted lamenting that the heroic nature in the Contemporary America has been eroded. The contemplationRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Dead 1804 Words   |  8 Pagesthat â€Å"The Dead† was â€Å"Joyceâ€℠¢s crowning masterpiece in the short story genre, both chronologically and aesthetically [†¦as it] disappears or blends at different points [†¦] only to converge in the epiphanic experience of Gabriel† (Monterrery 63). We witness Gabriel’s epiphany at the end of the story as he reflects on the evening’s events and how important his family was in being a vehicle for his success. Joyce wrote, â€Å"His soul had approached that region where dwell the vast hosts of the dead. [†¦ H]isRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Dead Of Night 2410 Words   |  10 Pages In the dead of night, caked in icy mud and blood from the abrasions of the brambles in the mire passed the Fluted Vale; Aberdeen escaped in the cover of darkness in scantly a stitch of clothing stark against her rice flower white skin. She removed leeches from her body with numb fingers and slight pain and annoyance as the chill of the cold ground permeated her tired cold bones in a place just past pure exhaustion. Her heart raced with a sluggish gurgle in her heart and she could feel it inRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Burial Of The Dead 2047 Words   |  9 PagesThe third and the fourth sections of The Waste Land share the images of ‘fire’ to rebuild the images of ‘death and birth’ and connect them to the first section â€Å"The Burial of the Dead†. â€Å"The Fire Sermon† assumes the life after death, through Buddhism, and the medieval Christianity: Burning burning, Burning Burning O Lord Thou Pluckest O Lord Thou Pluckest Burning (TWL, 307-311) The fire image here represents the desires of the human beings yet is theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Dead Poets Society 863 Words   |  4 PagesDead Poets Society is a 1989 film which tells the story of a group of boys who were in a strict private school, Welton Academy, where they must study rigorously. They were accustomed to memorizing information, never think of themselves until the arrival of Mr. John Keating who inspires his students to think of themselves and overcome their reluctance to make changes in their lives and stirs up their interests in poetry and literature. After watching this film, Mr Keating impressed many people deeplyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Fandom Of The Walking Dead 1167 Words   |  5 PagesFor my ethnography project, I chose to study the fandom of The Walking Dead. For the purpose of this paper, I will refer to The Walking Dead as a comic, a video game, and a TV series. The focus of this ethnography is to understand how the comic book culture influences many fans. Since the series is based on a graphic novel series, and some of the fans are schooled in comic culture; they arrive with literacy in comic storytelling. Others who are not fans may recognize the visually and narrative

Nternational Marketing and Marketing Research Free Essays

International Marketing and Marketing Research Compare the advertising campaigns (message, media, target audience†¦ )which company may use a) to launch new product b) to support a long established product whose sales are slowly declining Introduction Due to new challenges which business organisations encounter in ever changing environment, the present marketing must focus on much more than creating new products or services. It is vital to price them attractively and make them available to increasing demands of customers at place where they require them. However, an ffective marketing mix can be only successful only if all it parts take place One of the core aims of firms’ marketing departments nowadays is to give emphasis to communication with their customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Nternational Marketing and Marketing Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now The communication is based on understanding people’s needs. The mission of marketing specialist is to create and design an unique sales promotion. Marketing communications is part of marketing mix. An important goal of advertising is to influence customers’ choices and buying decisions, which will lead to accomplishment of marketing plans of the firm. Advertising has to be visible, clear, and easy to take in. Also, it has to identify the advertiser and their products or services. Marketers bring into play different advertising campaigns. during the ptoduct life cycle, product go through four different stages: introduction stage, growth stage, mature stage and declining stage. When the product is introduced for the first time in the market place, advertisement is aggressive; companies employ many means of direct and indirect marketing to promote it. Mass media are used since there is only little knowledge about this product among customers. Introducing new consumer goods is so-called informative advertising. Its main objective is to build a primary demand. A strategic aim firms follow when promoting the product for the first time is to inform potential buyers about it and highlight its features which distinguish it from competitors. Furthermore, this will create awareness about the product and influence consumers’ perception. It also helps to build the firm’s brand. In contrast, an advertisement of a new product is completely different from an advertisement of already established product, which has declining sales. Usually, these are products, which consumers have already known or used them and at some oint the sales curve start to decline. In this case, the promotion and advertising have marvellous impact to turn sales in opposite way. For example, the company offers some extra services. Furthermore, certain products can be offer with a complimentary product or discounts can take place. Price and non-price competition should be used at this point to keep the product at the market. When the sales are declining the main aim of marketing advertising strategy is to remind consumers of the product or service. The campaign in this case is trying to boost sales and profits. Advertising campaigns vary. Firms can use a means of below and above the line marketing. below the line marketing include direct means of communication, most commonly direct mail and e-mail, often using highly targeted lists of names to maximize response rates and above the line embrace advertising such as television, cinema, radio, print, and Out-of-home to promote brands or convey a specific offer. Literature review Advertising is non personal form of communication, presentation and promotion of consumer goods, which will lead to increasing the sales. The information about certain organization and its products is conveyed to potential buyers through mass edia, such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines, direct mail, public transport, outdoor displays, catalogues, internet. (Dibb, 2009) The main purpose of advertising is to inform or persuade members of particular audience about new products which will enter the market , or for the existence of promotions which will be appropriate for some costumers. On the other hand , the main use of advertising embrace the promotion ot products or an organization in order to awareness among target consumer segment. The most important sides of advertisement are stimulation of demand, off settings of rivals’ advertising strategy, and to support elling drives. (Dibb, 2009) Also, advertising marketing strategy has to notify and educate a certain target market about a brand and its heightened marketing mix or product benefits(Dibb, 2009). Due to these facts, the general idea of all advertising campaigns is to enhance consumption of consumer goods. Identifying the target market The target market is a specific group of people within the market at which the advertising message will be convoyed through the mass media. The target market or audience can be created from people from the same gender, age group, or based on other common features. Researchers attempt to understand the needs of certain target audience and this will lead to creating of marketing message that will make consumers to respond. The consumer feedback plays an important role in designing an advertising campaign. Advertising budget The most difficult marketing decision is how much a company should spend on advertising. According to Kotler(2001), advertising budget usually is influenced by different stages of product life cycle. A product first appearance in the market place usually need higher advertising budget. The company in that stage has to emphasize n building awareness and to gain target consumers. Market shares also affect the budget, expanding the market share require higher advertising cost, on the other hand low share brands often have high advertising spending, which aim to increase sales. Rivals have the main point when a company sets its advertising budget. Developing advertising strategy Consisting of successful advertising strategy depends on advertising message and selecting media. In advertising, different creative strategies are used in order to obtain consumer attention and provoke shoppers to purchase or use a specific product. Advertisers use different ways of thinking to create catchy slogans that capture consumers’ attention. Creative strategies promote publicity, public relations, personal selling and sales promotion. How to cite Nternational Marketing and Marketing Research, Essays

Global Unethical Practices That Need Political Attentions - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Global Unethical Practices That Need Political Attentions. Answer: Introduction: In this post-globalisation era, the increasing level of unethical practices in businesses among different countries are creating more issues by creating more wealth for the wealthy countries, whereas, less wealth for poor economic countries. Presently, different developed countries especially USA develops the trade by bypassing the fair play of conducting businesses. After the Second World War, an effective rule was developed for conducting an ethical business and helps different other countries in conducting their business freely. However, in the present5 time US president Trump is establishing different policies by reducing the free trade. Different developed nations are concentrating on their own profitability rather than concentrating on the development of the nations. However, despite of the fact, political leaders do not concentrate on the development but they only focus on the trade development. This study provides a clear overview regarding different unethical practices and i t also describes how political leaders are avoiding this issue and only focuses on the trade development. For conducting the study, first a brief overview regarding the ethical issues has been provided and then different types of ethical theory is applied in that contexts in order to understand the ethical issues with betterment. Critical analysis: In the present era, along with the development of time, different developed countries are facing dog-eat dog world of the compromise along with the opacity. However, developed nations such as USA are not shifting towards the isolationist nation but they are mainly associated with following the protectionists trade policies before the economic health of world. It has been observed that trades are mainly reverts the rule book that were established in 19th century and the present American president Donald Trump is mainly responsible for this shifts. Donald trump has developed a bargain with the Mexico and Canada for facilitating a Nafta free trade deal. Along with that, Donald Trump has promised a tariff on every metal of different countries by 10 and 25% (NAFTA, Trump and Canada: A guide to the trade file and what it could mean foryou, 2018). This situation can create negative impact on different countries that supplies metal to USA because it increases their export costs and create le sser level of profitability for the organisation and country that supply material to USA. This situation has highly affected Canada because they are the country that supplies large amount of metals. Therefore, charging tax despite of the exemptions can create higher level of impact on Canada because it can negatively impact different Canadian industries. It has been observed that Donald Trump is mainly elevating USA above their neighbours and mainly thinks about the profitability of the USA irrespective of the development of global economic factors (NAFTA, Trump and Canada: A guide to the trade file and what it could mean foryou, 2018). In the contrary, different developing countries such as India is mainly concentrated on the development of the country rather than gaining profitability in the organisation. The same strategy is followed by the president of China for reducing poverty in the country. However, Donald trump do not have any concentration on the reduction of poverty or development of the economy, the only thing that are considered by them is the achievement of the profitability. UK also participates in the dog-eat-dog works for earning more profit in their country by outdo their rivals along with bringing more profitability by reducing the outsourcing of different sectors such as service sectors along with the manufacturing sectors. Though, Britain has not implemented any kind of levy on different foreign country for importing any goods, however, they have makes decision for increasing employability along with the profitability to stop different outsourcing. Therefore, it can be said that different develo ped countries has taken various types of measures in developing their earning but none of them has no interest in developing the global economy (Scotti, 2018). Therefore, it can be said that these countries are avoiding the ethics to follow a free trade policies with several countries with whom they have a good relationship. However, this scenario is not applicable in every context because EU is one of the economic fortresses that has maintained their free trade policies and has not restricted the access of the free trade policies. For discussing the ethics that were strictly followed in the earlier times and is still following in different countries, deontological ethical theories can be followed that mainly holds different types of actions that are rights in a moral ways and mainly follows irrespective of the consequences. From the ethical theories, it can be said that in the earlier times when the ethical practices of free trade was implemented especially among different developed countries such as there were a free trade policy among USA and Canada in the year of 2014 that mainly called as the 1994 agreements or NAFTA and the trade relationship was implemented irrespective of the point of view that tax involved in trade mainly creates higher level of earning (NAFTA, Trump and Canada: A guide to the trade file and what it could mean foryou, 2018). However, in the present time, USA has break the ethics with Canada and other country because they want to reduce the trade related deficit and for this reason, USA want to increase exports and want to reduce the imports from the Mexican along with the Canadian organisation. along with that USA has took several steps in making their country profitable with the help of several ways such as making telecommunication organisation of USA to operate in the NAFTA countries, creating more contract with the government of NAFTA countries etcetera. However, USA did not have implemented any kind of policies regarding the development of the world economy and they only consider the individual profitability (NAFTA, Trump and Canada: A guide to the trade file and what it could mean foryou, 2018). Application of ethical theories in that context: In that consequence, positive and the negative rights theory can be applicable. Here, the negative rights theory mainly demonstrated that an action is right if it can protect any individual from harm from other people or government of different countries that mainly exercising their rights (What are Deontological Ethical Theories?definition and meaning - Business Jargons, 2018). Therefore, by applying the theory in that consequences, it can be said that this theory is mainly applicable in the earlier time while free trade policies were effectively applied among different countries and when different countries carets more agreement among each other in order to generate an effective profitability by ensuring the mutual advantages. However, in the present time, USA is developing those policies that charge a higher level of tax with different countries with which they have a good relationship (Scotti, 2018). Therefore, this situation mainly harms the other developed countries such as Can ada and Mexico. Moreover, UK is also takes an effective step in reducing their outsourcing of different sectors. Therefore, it can be said that this new strategy of the UK government can harm the developing or developed countries to which they mainly outsource their different sectors. Therefore, according to the theory, this practice can be said as unethical because the decision of the political leaders in different developed countries mainly harms other countries with which they currently have an effective agreement. This is because, as per the theory, it has been observed that the action is only rights in that consequences when it protects any individual from the harm but in that cases, the action of developed countries is harming the other countries which is unethical (NAFTA, Trump and Canada: A guide to the trade file and what it could mean foryou, 2018). In the contrary, the positive rights theory mainly demonstrated the fact that any action of individual or entity is right if it tends to provide the things to other entity or individual those are effectively needed by them (What are Deontological Ethical Theories?definition and meaning - Business Jargons, 2018). In that case, the thing that are needed by every developing as well as developed countries are the trade related facilities, therefore, if free trade policy would be continuously maintained among different developed countries, then it can be said that it is ethical practices which were applicable in the earlier times. On the other hand, if it has been observed that the need of other entity is not considered and only the profitability of different nations are considered by the developed nations, then it can be said to be an unethical practices. After the Second World War, the ethical practices were implemented by considering an effective bi-lateral trade relationship with the other countries so that both the countries can achieve advantages. Therefore, it can be said that during that time, an effective and ethical relationship were established. Among countries but in the present time, USA has developed the policy that can only profitable for their nation but it can harm the other countries under the NAFTA trade relationship. USA has developed the policy to increase the tax on different products such as tax but they have makes it mandatory that the NAFTA countries need to buy American products, which is one of the terrible policies without considering the benefits of others (NAFTA, Trump and Canada: A guide to the trade file and what it could mean foryou, 2018). On the other hand, social contract theories are there that mainly demonstrated that people that in contract with each other need to be abide by every political along with the moral obligations towards the society (What are Deontological Ethical Theories?definition and meaning - Business Jargons, 2018). Therefore, as per the theory, it can be said that if there is not any kind of law or order then it can create unlimited freedom. Therefore, according to the theory, ethics is following free trade among different countries by following a moral as well as political overview (Scotti, 2018). Though, this theory may be used in the wrong way which may create higher level of crime if it is applicable in the inappropriate ways. However, it has been observed that in that particular case, this ethical theory can helps in understandings the necessity of free trade so that it can be applicable in the developed countries for developing benefits for different countries. However, in this era of post globalisations most of the developed countries are mainly consider their own profitability along with benefits. As a result, they are thinking about the reduction of the free trade. As USA is one of the strongest countries among all of the nations so that they are creating pressures on different partnership countries for providing taxes, they even creating pressure on Canada who is the largest buyer of products of USA (NAFTA, Trump and Canada: A guide to the trade file and what it could mean foryou, 2018). Therefore, this practice of USA is unethical in nature because they are not following the ethics that need to be followed to help their partnership countries. In the contrary according to the social justice theory, any action is considered to be appropriate as well as right if it shows the fairness in the retributive, distributive along with the compensatory dimensions of the rewards as well as costs (What are Deontological Ethical Theories?definition and meaning - Business Jargons, 2018). Among this entire dimension, distributive dimension clearly shows the fact regarding perceived fairnesss for the distribution of the social benefits along with the burden among the member of groups. Therefore, by applying the dimension it can be said that after forming any group, there should not be any kind of burden among the group member but it has been observed that different free trade related burden are developing among the team countries of free trade. This is because UK and USA are creating burdens regarding trade (Scotti, 2018). However, it is seen that UK was a country that were a member of EU but they have left the EU for gaining more profitab ility and developing trade relationship with several developing nations of Asia. However, after the Brexit, UK has faced inflation and in that consequence for reviving their economic condition, the country has decided to stop the outsourcing of the service and the manufacturing sector for gaining more profitability. In the contrary, the case of USA is completely different; they have restricted the free trade policy among the NAFTA countries because they want to achieve more profitability (NAFTA, Trump and Canada: A guide to the trade file and what it could mean foryou, 2018). Therefore, this situation creates ethical issues because the strategy of these strong developed countries are not following fairnesss in trade. In the contrary, the retributive dimension mainly considers the punishments that are mainly proportionate to the extent of the crime. However, in that case, developed nations are not doing any crime, the only thing that they are doing is not following the ethics for bus inesses and charge some extra levy that can create restriction in free trade and develop an ineffective trade related decision that can harm those countries that are doing huge businesses with the USA, however, for this unethical behaviour of the USA, punishments are not effective because legally the current level of attitude of the USA cannot be called as the illegal. There are huge differences in the unethical and the illegal behaviour. In the contrary, compensatory dimension mainly demonstrated the ways by which people are generally compensated based on the injuries they have faced. From the case, it is seen that the political leaders of different developed nations are creating policies for developing their own economy and they have a lack of focus on the development of the world economy. USA is establishing the law for increasing the corporate tax by 15 to 20% and for this reason; they have decided to not provide any kind of compensation because they believe that for gaining mor e profitability in the country, it is always necessary in reducing the trade deficit by implementing an effective level of tax. Conclusions and recommendation: From the above discussion, it is clear that ethical issues that in the present time, ethical issues in trade are continually increasing that can create a constant ethical issue and for the activity of several developed countries, a long term trade issues can be generated among different countries. It is seen that USA want to stop free trade for Canada which in turns can generate a stoppage of the free trade by Canada for different countries that mainly conducts their business in Canada. These situations can ultimately generate a complete stoppage of the trade and as a result cost of operation can be increased in the world. For this reason, some smaller companies especially from the developing countries may face issues in expanding their business in the overseas countries. Therefore, the situation can ultimately generate the termination of different organisation and the countries that may suffer are the developing countries because they may get an economically downturn industries. Mor eover, stopping outsource of the service sectors of the UK in several developed along with the developing countries can create more loss of jobs. This situation can create an ultimate downturn condition in the economy of the world. Therefore, it can be said that the currently focuses of the political leaders of different developed countries can ultimately generate a terrible word economy. Therefore, for reducing the impact, it is necessary to follow different recommendations such as: Developing tax rate by consulting with the member countries is necessary so that certain implementation of the tax rates cannot create a bad trade relationship. The tax rate needs to be established in that way so that it cannot destroy the trade relationship with the countries with which they have a good relationship. Along with that, it is necessary to establish a constant tax rates for every sector and for every country so that it can reduce the confusion regarding the trade and create a good bond among different countries. However, there is one ultimate solution that can reduce at these issues that is implementing free trade among different set of countries so that mutual benefits of those countries can be secured. References: NAFTA, Trump and Canada: A guide to the trade file and what it could mean foryou. (2018).The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 15 March 2018, from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/trump-nafta-canada-mexico-trudeau/article33715250/ Scotti, M. (2018).A year of Trump: How Canada has been affected by the predictably unpredictable president.Global News. Retrieved 15 March 2018, from https://globalnews.ca/news/3845581/donald-trump-one-year-later-how-canada-has-been-affected/ What are Deontological Ethical Theories?definition and meaning - Business Jargons. (2018).Business Jargons. Retrieved 15 March 2018, from https://businessjargons.com/deontological-ethical-theories.html

Organizational Structure Questions and Exercises Essay Example

Organizational Structure: Questions and Exercises Essay Download this Document for Free training in time management; and training to think more positively and realistically about sources of job stress. Tentative evidence suggests that these applications are useful in reducing physiological arousal, sleep disturbances, and self-reported tension and anxiety. E. Work-Life Balance Programs An increasing number of organizations are providing work-life balance programs and employees are beginning to demand them.These are programs that are designed to help employees’ lead more productive and balanced lives and can include mental and physical fitness programs, coffee bars, and cafeteria health food. Work-life programs are believed to result in lower-health care costs in part due to stress reduction. 60 Chapter 14: Organizational Structure Chapter Summary Questions and Exercises prepared by Alan Saks. I. What Is Organizational Structure? Organizational structure is the manner in which an organization divides its labour into specific tasks a nd achieves coordination among these tasks.It broadly refers to how the organization’s individuals and groups are put together or organized to accomplish work. Organizational structure intervenes between goals and organizational accomplishments and thus influences organizational effectiveness. Structure affects how effectively and efficiently group effort is coordinated. To achieve its goals, an organization has to divide labour among its members and then coordinate what has been divided. II. The Division and Coordination of Labour Labour has to be divided because individuals have physical and intellectual limitations. There are two basic dimensions to the division of labour, a ertical dimension and a horizontal dimension. Once labour is divided, it must be coordinated to achieve organizational effectiveness. A. Vertical Division of Labour The vertical division of labour is concerned primarily with apportioning authority for planning and decision making. A couple of key theme s or issues underlie the vertical division of labour. Autonomy and Control. The domain of decision making and authority is reduced as the number of levels in the hierarchy increases. A flatter hierarchy pushes authority lower and involves people further down the hierarchy in more decisions.Communication. As labour is progressively divided vertically, timely communication and coordination can become harder to achieve. As the number of levels in the hierarchy increases, filtering is more likely to occur. B. Horizontal Division of Labour The horizontal division of labour involves grouping the basic tasks that must be performed into jobs and then into departments so that the organization can achieve its goals. Just as organizations differ in the extent to which they divide labour vertically, they also differ in the extent of horizontal division of labour.A couple of key themes or issues underlie the horizontal division of labour. Job Design. Job design is an important component in the h orizontal division of labour. The horizontal division of labour strongly affects job design and it has profound implications for the degree of coordination necessary. It also has implications for the vertical division of labour and where control over work processes should logically reside. Differentiation. Differenti ation is the tendency for managers in separate functions or departments to differ in terms of goals, time spans, and interpersonal styles.As organizations engage in increased horizontal division of labour, they usually become more and more differentiated. C. Departmentation One way of grouping jobs is to assign them to departments. The assignment of jobs to departments is called departmentation. It represents one of the core aspects of horizontal division of labour. There are several methods of departmentation. Functional departmentation. Underfunctional departmentation, employees with closely related skills and responsibilities (functions) are located in the same depar tment. The main advantage of functional departmentation is efficiency.It works best in small to medium-sized firms that offer relatively few product lines or services. Product departmentation. Under product departmentation, departments are formed on the basis of a particular product, product line, or service. Each of these departments can operate fairly autonomously. A key advantage is better coordination and fewer barriers to communication among the functional specialists who work on a particular product line. They also have more potential for responding to customers in a timely way. A disadvantage is that product-oriented departments might actually work at cross purposes.Matrix departmentation. Matrix departmentation is an attempt to capitalize simultaneously on the strengths of both functional and product departmentation. Employees remain members of a functional department while also reporting to a product or project manager. As a result, it is very flexible. Problems could arise when product or project managers do not see eye-to-eye with various functional managers and because employees assigned to a product or project team in essence report to a functional manager as well as a product or project manager.Other Forms of Departmentation. Several other forms of departmentation also exist. Under geographic departmentation, relatively self-contained units deliver the organizations products or services in specific geographic territories. Under customer departmentation, relatively self-contained units deliver the organizations products or services to specific customer groups. The obvious goal is to provide better service to each customer group through specialization. Finally, it is not unusual to see hybrid departmentation, which involves some combination of these structures.In other words, a structure based on some mixture of functional, product, geographic, or customer departmentation. They attempt to capitalize on the strengths of various structures, while avo iding the weaknesses of others. D. Basic Methods of Coordinating Divided Labour The tasks that help organizations achieve its goals must be coordinated so that goal accomplishment is realized. Coor dination is the process of facilitating timing, communication, and feedback among work tasks. There are five basic methods of coordination. Direct Supervision. This is a very traditional form of coordination.Working through the chain of command, designated supervisors or managers coordinate the work of their subordinates. Standardization of Work Processes. Some jobs are so routine that the technology itself provides a means of coordination and little direct supervision is necessary for them to be coordinated. Work processes can also be standardized by rules and regulations. Standardization of Outputs. Coordination can also be achieved through the standardization of work outputs. The concern shifts to ensuring that the work meets certain physical and economic standards.Standardization of S kills. Coordination can be achieved through the standardization of skills. This is the case when technicians and professionals know what to expect of each other because of their standard training. Mutual Adjustment. Mutual adjustment relies on informal communication to coordinate tasks. It is useful for coordinating the most simple and the most complicated divisions of labour. 61 The five methods of coordinating divided labour can be crudely ordered in terms of the degree of discretion they permit individual workers in terms of task performance.Direct supervision permits little discretion. Standardization of processes and outputs permits successively more discretion. Finally, standardization of skills and mutual adjustment put even more control into the hands of those who are actually doing the work. E. Other Methods of Coordination Sometimes coordination problems require more customized, elaborate mechanisms. This is especially the case for lateral coordination across highly differ entiated departments. Integ ration is the process of attaining coordination across differentiated departments.In ascending order of elaboration, three methods of achieving integration include the use of liaison roles, task forces, and full-time integrators. Liaison Roles. A liaison role is occupied by a person in one department who is assigned, as part of his or her job, to achieve coordination with another department. The person serves as a part-time link between two departments. Task Forces and Teams. Task forces are temporary groups set up to solve coordination problems across several departments. Representatives from each department are included on a full-time or part-time basis. Integrators.I ntegr ators are organizational members who are permanently assigned to facilitate coordination between departments. They are especially useful for dealing with conflict between (1) highly interdependent departments, (2) which have very diverse goals and orientations, (3) in a very ambiguou s environment. II. Traditional Structural Characteristics Over the years, management scholars and practising managers have agreed on a number of characteristics that summarize the structure of organizations. A. Span of Control The span of control is the number of subordinates supervised by a manager.The larger the span, the less potential there is for coordination by direct supervision. As the span increases, the attention that a supervisor can devote to each subordinate decreases. Spans at the upper levels tend to be smaller. B. Flat versus Tall A flat organization refers to an organization with relatively few levels in its hierarchy of authority, while a tall organization refers to an organization with many levels in its hierarchy of authority. Thus, flatness versus tallness is an index of the vertical division of labour.Flatter structures tend to push decision-making powers downward and generally enhance vertical communication and coordination. C. Formalization Formalization refe rs to the extent to which work roles are highly defined by the organization. A very formalized organization tolerates little variability in the way members perform their tasks. Detailed, written job descriptions, thick procedure manuals, and the requirement to â€Å"put everything in writing† are evidence of formalization that stems from rules, regulations, and procedures.D. Centralization Centralization refers to the extent to which decision-making power is localized in a particular part of the organization. In the most centralized organization, the power for all key decisions would rest in a single individual, such as the president. In a more decentralized organization, decision- making power would be dispersed down through the hierarchy and across departments. E. Complexity Complexity refers to the extent to which organizations divide labour vertically, horizontally, and geographically.The essential characteristic of complexity is variety, and as an organization grows in c omplexity it has more kinds of people performing more kinds of tasks in more places, whether these places are departments or geographic territories. IV. Summarizing Structure Organic versus Mechanistic Mechanistic structures are organizational structures characterized by tallness, narrow spans, specialization, high centralization, and high formalization. Organic structures are organizational structures characterized by flatness, wider spans, fewer authority levels, less specialization, less formalization, and decentralization.In general, more mechanistic structures are called for when an organizations environment is more stable and its technology is more routine. Organic structures tend to work better when the environment is less stable and the technology is less routine. Many organizations, however, do not have only a single structure. Further, structure can and should change over time. When a large and established firm gets into a new line of business either on its own or by acqu iring a smaller and newer innovative firm, the innovative unit often requires some autonomy (i. e. differentiation) and a more organic structure than the established parent. As innovative units mature, they often tend to become more mechanistic and more integrated into the larger organization. V. Contemporary Organic Structures Recent years have seen the advent of new, more organic organizational structures. A. Network and Virtual Organizations In a network organization, various functions are coordinated as much by market mechanisms as by managers and formal lines of authority. Emphasis is placed on who can do what most effectively and economically rather than on fixed ties dictated by an organizational chart.All of the assets necessary to produce a finished product or service are present in the network as a whole, not held in-house by one firm. The most interesting networks are dynamic or virtual organizations. In a virtual organization an alliance of independent companies share sk ills, costs, and access to one another’s markets. It consists of a network of continually evolving independent companies. Each partner in a virtual organization contributes only in its area of core competencies. The key advantage of network and virtual organizations is their flexibility and adaptability.B. The Modular Organization A modular organization is an organization that performs a few core functions and outsources noncore activities to specialists and suppliers. Services that are often outsourced include the manufacture of parts, trucking, catering, data processing, and accounting. Thus, modular organizations are like hubs that are surrounded by networks of suppliers that can be added or removed as needed. By outsourcing noncore activities, modular organizations are able to keep unit costs low and develop new products more rapidly.They work best when they focus on the right specialty and have good suppliers. 62 C. The Boundaryless Organization In a boundaryless organiz ation, the boundaries that divide employees such as hierarchy, job function, and geography as well as those that distance companies from suppliers and customers are broken down. A boundaryless organization seeks to remove vertical, horizontal, and external barriers so that employees, managers, customers, and suppliers can work together, share ideas, and identify the best ideas for the organization.Instead of being organized around functions with many hierarchical levels, the boundaryless organization is made up of self-managing and cross- functional teams that are organized around core business processes that are critical for satisfying customers such as new-product development or materials handling. The traditional vertical hierarchy is flattened and replaced by layers of teams making the organization look more horizontal than vertical. Some believe that the boundaryless organization is the perfect organizational structure for the 21st century. VI.The Impact of Size Organizational size has a number of effects on the structure of organizations. A. Size and Structure In general, large organizations are more complex and less centralized than small organizations. Larger organizations have greater horizontal specialization and require more integrators and other coordination functions. Large organizations also rely more on formalization and often display greater vertical and geographic complexity. B. Downsizing A reduction in workforce size, popularly calleddownsizing, has been an organizational trend in recent years.Downsizing has a number of implications for organizational structure. Downsizing and Structure. Downsizing is the intentional reduction of workforce size with the goal of improving organizational efficiency or effectiveness. Downsizing usually results in a different organization, not just a smaller one. That is because there are different forces at work than those which drive growth. Also, white collar managerial and staff jobs have been hit hardest ch anging how organizations are structured. Downsizing is often accompanied by reducing horizontal and vertical complexity.Organizations become flatter and self-managed teams take over supervisory and quality control functions. Problems with Downsizing. There can be a downside to downsizing. Many organizations have not done a good job of anticipating and managing the structural and human consequences of downsizing. Organizations have a tendency to become mechanistic, particularly more formalized and centralized when threatened which works against needed flexibility in times of change. Firms may also be overzealous in their cutting and end up sub-contracting work to consultants which may be both inferior in quality and more expensive.Removing levels from the organization may be a good idea, provided that it doesnt overload the remaining staff and that everyone is comfortable with the greater levels of delegation required. Finally, the process of downsizing must be considered. Surprising people with workforce cuts is likely to result in low morale, reduced productivity, and continuing distrust of management. Research has shown that contrary to expectations, downsizing does not result in cost reductions in the long run or improvements in productivity. However, when carefully and properly implemented, downsizing can have positive consequences.VII. A Footnote: Symptoms of Structural Problems There are a number of symptoms of structural problems in organizations. Bad job design . There is a reciprocal relationship between job design and organizational structure. Frequently, improper structural arrangements turn good jobs into poor jobs in practice. The right hand doesnt know what the left is doing . If repeated examples of duplication of effort occur, or if parts of the organization work at cross- purposes, structure is suspect. Persistent conflict between departments . A failure of integration is often the source of conflicts.Slow response times . Delayed responses mi ght be due to improper structure. Decisions made with incomplete information . If decisions have been made with incomplete information, and the information existed somewhere in the organization, structure could be at fault. A proliferation of committees . When committee is piled on committee, or when task forces are being formed with great regularity, it is often a sign that the basic structure of the organization is being â€Å"patched up† because it does not work well. 63 Chapter 15: Environment, Strategy, and Technology Chapter SummaryQuestions and Exercises prepared by Alan Saks. I. The External Environment of Organizations The external environment consists of events and conditions surrounding an organization that influence its activities. The external environment has a tremendous influence on organizations and profoundly shapes organizational behavior. A. Organizations as Open Systems Organizations can be described as open systems. Open systems are systems that take inpu ts from the external environment, transform some of these inputs, and send them back into the external environment as outputs.This concept is important because it sensitizes us to the need for organizations to cope with demands of the environment on both the input and the output side. B. Components of the External Environment It is useful to divide the external environment into a manageable number of components. The General Economy. The general economy affects organizations as they profit from an upturn or suffer from a downturn. Customers. All organizations have potential customers for their products and services. Successful firms are highly sensitive to customer relations. Suppliers.Organizations are dependent on the environment for supplies that include labour, raw materials, equipment, and component parts. Shortages can cause severe difficulties. Competitors. Environmental competitors vie for resources that include both customers and suppliers. Successful organizations devote co nsiderable energy to monitoring the activities of competitors. Social/Political Factors. Organizations cannot ignore the social and political events that occur around them. Organizations must cope with a series of legal regulations that prescribe fair employment practices, proper competitive activities, product safety, and clients’ rights.Technology. The environment contains a variety of technologies that are useful for achieving organizational goals. The ability to adopt the proper technology should enhance an organization’s effectiveness. In addition to these basic components of organizational environments, there are a large number of interest groups that can exist in an organization’s environment. Interest groups are parties or organizations other than direct competitors that have some vested interest in how an organization is managed. Events in various components of the environment provide both onstraints and opportunities for organizations. C. Environmental Uncertainty Environmental uncertainty is a condition that exists when the environment is vague, difficult to diagnose, and unpredictable. Uncertainty depends on the environments complexity (simple versus complex) and its rate of change (static versus dynamic). Simple environment. A simple environment involves relatively few factors, and these factors are fairly similar to each other. Complex environment. A complex environment contains a large number of dissimilar factors that affect the organization.Static environment. The components of this environment remain fairly stable over time. Dynamic environment. The components of a highly dynamic environment are in a constant state of change, which is unpredictable and irregular, not cyclical. It is possible to arrange the rate of change and complexity in a matrix. A simple/static environment should provoke the least uncertainty, while a dynamic/complex environment should provoke the most. Some research suggests that change has more influ ence than complexity on uncertainty.Thus, we might expect a static/complex environment to be somewhat more certain than a dynamic/simple environment. Increasing uncertainty has several predictable effects on organizations including being less clear about cause-and-effect relationships, more difficulty agreeing on priorities, and more information must be processed by the organization to make adequate decisions. Organizations will act to cope with or reduce uncertainty because uncertainty increases the difficulty of decision making and thus threatens organizational effectiveness. D. Resource DependenceBecause organizations are open systems that receive inputs from the external environment and transfer outputs into this environment, they are in a state of resource dependence with regard to their environments. Resource dependence refers to the dependency of organizations on environmental inputs, such as capital, raw materials, and human resources. Carefully managing and coping with this resource dependence is a key to survival and success. Although all organizations are dependent on their environments for resources, some organizations are more dependent than others.As well, resource dependence can be fairly independent of environmental uncertainty, and dealing with one issue will not necessarily have an effect on the other. Organizations are not totally at the mercy of their environments. However, they must develop strategies for managing both resource dependence and environmental uncertainty. II. Strategic Responses to Uncertainty and Resource Dependence Organizations devote considerable effort to developing and implementing strategies to cope with environmental uncertainty and resource dependence.Strategy can be defined as the process by which top executives seek to cope with the constraints and opportunities posed by an organizations environment. It is the perceived environment that comprises the basis for strategy formulation. Strategy formulation involves det ermining the mission, goals, and objectives of the organization. The chosen strategy must correspond to the constraints and opportunities of the environment. A. Organizational Structure as a Strategic Response Paul Lawrence and Jay Lorsch studied how organizations should be structured to cope with environmental uncertainty.They found a close connection among environment, structure, and effectiveness. When there is a great range of uncertainty across the sub-environments faced by various organizational departments, the organization must be highly differentiated. Lawrence and Lorsch found that successful organizations facing a certain 64 environment were fairly undifferentiated and tended to adopt mechanistic structures. Effective organizations facing an uncertain environment were highly differentiated and tended to adopt organic structures.The argument that strategy determines structure is a reasonable conclusion when considering an organization undergoing great change or the formula tion of a new organization. However, for ongoing organizations, structure sometimes dictates strategy formulation. In general, organizations tailor structure to strategy in coping with the environment. However, structure sometimes dictates strategy formulation. B. Other Forms of Strategic Response Variations on organizational structure are not the only strategic response that organizations can make.Structural variations often accompany other responses that are oriented toward coping with environmental uncertainty or resource dependence. Some more elaborate forms of strategic responses concern relationships between organizations. Vertical integration. Vertical integration refers to the strategy of formally taking control of sources of organizational supply and distribution. Vertical integration can reduce risk for an organization in many cases but when the environment becomes very turbulent, it can reduce flexibility and actually increase risk.Managerial inefficiencies can also devel op as a result of control and coordination difficulties. Mergers and Acquisitions. Themerger or joining of two firms and theacquisition of one firm by another has become common strategic responses. Some mergers and acquisitions are stimulated by simple economies of scale. Other mergers and acquisitions are pursued for purposes of vertical integration. Strategic Alliances. Strategic alliances refer to actively cooperative relationships between legally separate organizations.The organizations in question retain their own cultures, but true cooperation replaces distrust, competition, or conflict for the project at hand. Properly designed, such alliances reduce risk and uncertainty for all parties, and resource interdependence is recognized. Organizations can engage in strategic alliances with competitors, suppliers, customers, and unions. Interlocking Directorates. Interlocking directorates refers to a condition that exists when one person serves on two or more boards of directors. The y provide a subtle but effective means of coping with environmental uncertainty and resource dependence.The director’s expertise and experience with one organization can provide valuable information for another. Interlocks can also serve as a means of influencing public opinion about the wealth, status, or social conscience of a particular organization. Establishing Legitimacy. One way for organizations to respond to the dilemma of making correct organizational responses when it is hard to know which response is correct is to do things that make the organization appear legitimate to various constituents. Establishing legitimacy involves taking actions that conform to prevailing norms and expectations.This will often be strategically correct, but equally important, it will have the appearance of being strategically correct. In turn, management will appear to be rational, and providers of resources will feel comfortable with the organization’s actions. Legitimacy can be achieved by conforming to established industry practices, bringing high profile people onto the board of directors, or making visible responses to social issues. The most common way of achieving legitimacy is to imitate management practices that other firms have institutionalized. III. The Technologies of OrganizationsTechnology can be defined as the activities, equipment, and knowledge necessary to turn organizational inputs into desired outputs. The concepts of technology and environment are closely related. Organizations choose their technologies. In general, this choice will be predicated on a desired strategy. Also, different parts of an organization rely on different technologies, just as they respond to different aspects of the environment as a whole. A. Basic Dimensions of Technology Three classification schemes of technology that can be applied to manufacturing firms and to service organizations are those of Charles Perrow, James D.Thompson, and Joanne Woodward. Perrow†™s Routineness. According to Perrow, the key factor that differentiates various technologies is the routineness of the transformation task that confronts the department or organization. Technological routineness refers to the extent to which exceptions and problems affect the task of converting inputs into outputs. It is a function of two factors: Exceptions. An organization that uses standardized inputs to produce standardized outputs confronts few exceptions compared with one that uses varied inputs and produces varied outputs. Technology is less routine as exceptions increase.Problems. When exceptions occur, are the problems easy to analyze or difficult to analyze? That is, can programmed decision-making occur, or must workers resort to nonprogrammed decision making? The technology becomes less routine as problems become more difficult to analyze. These dimensions can be arranged to produce a matrix of technologies. The matrix includes the following technologies: Craft technolo gies deal with fairly standard inputs and outputs. Routine technologies , such as assembly line operations and technical schools, also deal with standardized inputs and outputs.Nonroutine technologies must deal frequently with exceptional inputs or outputs, and the analysis of these exceptions is often difficult. Engineering technologies encounter many exceptions of input or required output, but these exceptions can be dealt with by using standardized responses. From most routine to least routine, Perrow’s four technological classifications can be ordered in the following manner: routine, engineering, craft, and nonroutine. Thompson’s Interdependence. In contrast to Perrow, James D.Thompson was interested in the way in which work activities are sequenced or â€Å"put together† during the transformation process. A key factor is technological interdependence which is the extent to which organizational subunits depend on each other for resources, such as raw materi als or information. In order of increasing interdependence, Thompson proposed three classifications of technology as follows: Mediating technologies operate under pooled interdependence. This means that each unit is to some extent dependent on the pooled resources generated by other units but is otherwise fairly independent of those units.Long-linked technologies operate under sequential interdependence. This means that each unit in the technology is dependent on the activity of the unit that preceded it in a sequence. The transformed product of each unit becomes a resource or raw material for the next unit. Intensive technologies operate under reciprocal interdependence. This means that considerable interplay and mutual feedback must occur between the units performing the task in order to accomplish it properly. This is necessary because each task is unique, and the intensive technology is thus a customized technology.As technologies become increasingly interdependent, problems of coordination, communication, and decision making increase. To perform effectively, each technology requires a tailored structure to facilitate these tasks.

Choosing a Strong Research Topic

Choosing a Strong Research Topic Teachers always emphasize the importance of choosing a strong research topic. But sometimes it can be confusing when we try to understand what makes a topic a strong topic.   Additionally, you should consider that you’ll be spending a lot of time on a research paper, so it is particularly important to select a topic that you really enjoy working with. To make your project a real success, you’ll have to ensure that the topic is strong and enjoyable.   You also have to choose a topic that enables you to find resources. Unfortunately, you might find a topic that you like a lot, and go on to develop a strong thesis with no trouble at all. Then, you find yourself spending an afternoon at the library and discovering one or two problems. You could find that very little research is available on your subject. This is a common hazard that wastes time and disrupts your mental flow and confidence. As much as you may like your topic, you may want to give it up at the start if you know you’re going to run into trouble finding information for your paper.You may find that the research doesn’t support your thesis. Oops! This is a common frustration for professors who publish a lot. They often come up with intriguing and exciting new ideas, only to find that all the research points in a different direction. Don’t stick with an idea if you see lots of evidence that refutes it! To avoid those pitfalls, it is important to select more than one topic from the start. Find three or four topics that interest you, then, go to the library or an Internet-connected computer at home and conduct a preliminary search of each topic. Determine which project idea can be supported with plenty of published material. This way, you will be able to select a final topic that is both interesting and feasible. Preliminary Searches Preliminary searches can be done pretty quickly; there is no need to spend hours in the library. As a matter of fact, you can start at home, on your own computer. Choose a topic and do a basic computer search. Take note of the types of sources that appear for each topic. For instance, you may come up with fifty web pages that concern your topic, but no books or articles. This is not a good result! Your teacher will be looking for (and perhaps requiring) a variety of sources, to include articles, books, and encyclopedia references. Don’t select a topic that doesn’t appear in books and articles, as well as on websites. Search Several Databases You’ll want to make sure that the books, magazine articles, or journal entries that you do find are available at your local library. Use your favorite Internet search engine at first, but then try using the database for your local library. It may be available online. If you find a topic that’s widely researched and seems to be available in a number of books and journals, make sure those are books and journals that you can use. For instance, you may find several articles- but then you realize later that theyre all published in another country. They may still be found in your local library, but youll want to check as early as possible, to make sure. You could also find books or articles representing your topic, but they’re all published in Spanish! This is absolutely great if you are fluent in Spanish. If you don’t speak Spanish, it’s a big problem! In short, always, take a few steps, in the beginning, to make sure that your topic will be relatively easy to research over the days and weeks to come. You don’t want to invest too much time and emotion in a project that will only lead to frustration in the end.

I'm one, Archie Anderson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

I'm one, Archie Anderson - Essay Example ing fed up – I’d like to get the government off my back.† This statement possesses a tone of conviction and through the manner by which he conveys the rest of his argument in a piece of story, Anderson exhibits an ethos via defending his natural right to make choices and decisions for himself, as a man of the right age and maturity in a free country. According to him, regulation must be fair to everyone and Anderson acknowledges the good impact of the segregation scheme in restaurants and public places where smokers gather in a particular area apart from non-smokers. However, he expresses fervent disagreement toward the prevailing notion that smoking must be banned anywhere for this would entail terms of illegality being imposed upon his own territory and properties over which he believes he has every right to exercise freedom. He retaliates as well against the probability of charging 800% tax-increase on cigarettes which to him is a such discriminatory proposition of the government. It makes no just treatment for smokers and once the state officials manage to accomplish this task, Anderson figures that the government would have a way of implementing other policies in which prohibitions may further affect the interests of non-smoking parties. With the nature of his argument, Anderson occurs to have effectively delivered pathos through the details that communicate concern regarding suppression of rights especially as he sounds democratic in the process. The target audience is the reader who could be a smoking or a non-smoking individual residing in the U.S. and Anderson calls the audience to a collective thought and action by the logic (logos) that if the government intervenes and is able to carry out certain measures that hold illegal an activity or inclination of most people and the latter fail to react properly, it would be as though they would be deprived of right to options and democracy. Hence, he convinces the target audience by making them perceive