The Essence of a Love Poem Essay -- Papers

The Essence of a Love Poem What is an affection sonnet? Many accept that an affection sonnet should be sweet and sentimental. That is the fundamental tone of Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s sonnet â€Å"How Do I Love Thee?† However, William Shakespeare’s â€Å"My mistress‘ eyes are not at all like the sun† adopts a vastly different strategy to the run of the mill love sonnet. The two sonnets are discernibly love sonnets, however they react to the perfect in various manners. Searing depicts her affection as gigantic and superb, however it is to some degree excessively perfect, to the point of being unreasonable. Be that as it may, Shakespeare’s depiction of his sweetheart isn't complimenting, and infrequently annoying, yet significantly more practical and in this manner increasingly perfect. The subjects and topics of the sonnets are fundamentally the same as; in any case, the tone, voice and settings are very inverse. Browning’s depiction of the adoration she feels is depicted as astounding, nearly to the point of being unreasonable. She utilizes illustrations to show that her adoration resembles a feathered creature taking off into the sky, incredible and relentless. In any case, it is additionally delineated as delicate and delicate, which is appeared by her reference to â€Å"candlelight†(line 6). At the point when youngsters love, they love with all aspects of themselves since they don’t comprehend what despair feels like. This unadulterated and verifiable type of adoration is the thing that Browning’s alluding to when she professes to cherish â€Å"with my childhood’s faith†(line 10). She additionally accepts that her adoration can't be halted, even by death; which is clear in line 14 when she states â€Å"I will yet cherish thee better after death.† The tone of the sonnet is sentimental, which is common of a conventional love sonnet. Nonetheless, her depiction of the adoration she feels is so eloquent and genuine that the peruser can nearly feel her feelings. Th... ... at the point when one loves somebody from far off, their impression of that individual is normally hopeful. Along these lines, he wouldn’t allude to her in such a skeptical structure. He would presumably accept that she is the most lovely and beguiling lady he’s ever known. It is this reasonable angle that makes Shakespeare’s sonnet a greatly improved love sonnet than that of Browning’s. Albeit both are viewed as adoration sonnets, Shakespeare and Browning adopt two totally different strategies to cherish. Browning’s sonnet portrays an increasingly perfect love, the caring that the vast majority take a stab at; notwithstanding, Shakespeare’s sonnet depicts a progressively reasonable sort of adoration, the thoughtful that a great many people can accomplish. By and by, I would lean toward the adoration depicted in Shakespeare’s piece since that is the sort of affection that keeps going. The kind of affection delineated in Browning’s sonnet is frequently short lived and unreachable.

Emerging Trends Related and Employment †Free Samples to Students

Question: Talk about the Emerging Trends Related and Employment. Answer: Presentation: The writers of the article have featured the extent of training issue appropriate to the selected medical caretakers utilized in Australia. A complete diagram in regards to the verifiable foundation of this social insurance workforce along with their current circumstance has been referenced. Knowledge has likewise been given about the rising patterns identified with training and work of these medical attendants (Ruth Jacob et al., 2013). The two principle reasons that have been refered to behind the issue include staff lack and monetary imperatives. The extent of training for the selected medical attendants in Australia in the previous decade has experienced exceptional changes inferable from these causes that thusly have finished in job disarray and cover among the enlisted and enrolled medical caretakers. In the present circumstance, the Enrolled Nurses (EN) extent of training has seen certain crucial changes. Joining of the medicine organization to the extent of training of the Enrolled Nurses has contributed huge remaining task at hand for them. Additionally, development of the ENs job in an assortment of setting including the activity theaters, crisis divisions, sedatives, intense clinical and careful wards have likewise changed their extent of training. Survey extent of training for medical caretakers might be considered in the light of two alternate points of view. Competency proclamations created by the administrative experts for normalization of the nursing practice and design of structures to help in evaluation of competency status and delimiting nursing practice might be alluded to in these specific circumstances. Growing the extent of training of the EN has combined in the spread of certain expert and practice issues in nursing. Expanded outstanding task at hand for the EN to do the extra obligations as wanted from them inside the give time span for the most part in provincial setting has been watched. Another issue incorporates hierarchical readiness to authorize and execute the progressions enveloping the strengthening of this workforce legitimately into the framework. References Ruth Jacob, E., Barnett, A., Sellick, K., McKenna, L. (2013). Extent of training for Australian enlisted medical caretakers: Evolution and practice issues.Contemporary nurse,45(2), 155-163.

Rhetorical Analysis Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Explanatory Analysis Assignment - Essay Example Explanatory Analysis Assignment In the event that I present alone, I will deal with the entire theme. We had at first introduced as a gathering secretly in anticipation of an intensive introduction to the crowd. Further to that we allotted our jobs in an irregular way since everybody in the gathering had a decent handle of the whole subject of talk investigation of the site chose. The aim of the update is to cause the crowd to see how explanatory investigation is finished. I expect to introduce my notice to my crowd in a reasonable and justifiable manner. I have decided to break down: http://www.adidas.com/, which is an Addidas organization site. Everybody will agree with me that they like Addidas brands. Since this site is straightforward and available to everyone intrigued by the Addidas brands, the sites incite those inspired by the organization and ingrains in them a desire to utilize the organization items (Adidas.com 2012. In any case, it accomplishes its motivation halfway however there is as yet an opportun ity to catch more clients of the site. This will be feasible if the company changes the foundation of the landing page to be brilliant and dazzling. By doing this, they will catch more adolescents who happens to be the primary owners of Addidas items. It is ordinarily alluded to as Logos. The goal of this is to shape a subjective reaction. Model is if an individual has never visited the site, they will have the option to effectively see how to utilize the site. In this content, the landing page of the site is just planned and is comprised of a few highlights.

Our Nutrition And Food We Eat - Free Essay Example

Nutrition is one of the most important consumptions in our life’s. One way that nutrition Is important to us it acts as a molecular biology. It has become more focused on metabolism and metabolic pathways. (Medicalnewstoday) The way we nutrient our body it can determine what diseases, conditions and even problem we have or can cause to our body. While doing this assignment, I learned, there are ways to keep track of our consumptions, the recommended intake of food consumption, and what I could do to maintain a good body composition. In my experience with this assignment, it was quite hard to document exactly what I was eating. After starting this class, I decided to change my diet in trying to lose weight, and I realized that literary everything that you eat is important, from the kind of bread you eat to every slice of pickle. First I had to look for an application to document my food consumption. I found that the application MyFitnessPal was the best choice for me. It gave you accurate information, on how much carbohydrates, fat, protein, etc.. you were eating. Then, I had to learn what type of nutrients I was consuming. I found out that carbohydrates are one of the main types of nutrients. (MedlinePlus) Protein plays many functions in our body, for example, protein can boost metabolism, increase fat burning, protein is good for your bones, and can increase muscle mass and strength. That’s only if you eat the right kind and amount of protein. After, reading the Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids, and reviewing my 3-day consumption log I must change my diet. According, to the book, â€Å"Adults should get 45 percent to 65 percent of their calories from carbohydrates, 20 percent to 35 percent from fat, and 10-35 percent from protein.† (nap.edu) In order, for someone to maintain a good cardiovascular health, we must do at least one hour of exercise each day. On Monday, October 29th, I went over 1% on carbohydrates for fat I went over 5%, and for protein, I was under the recommended percentages. On Tuesday, October 30th, I went over 3% for carbohydrates, for fat I went over 8%, and for protein, I went 11% under the recommended intake percentages. For my third log in the day Wednesday, October 31st, I went over 13% for carbohydrates, for fat I was 7% under, and for protein, I was 6% under the recommended intake percentages. I notice that I ate a lot of take-out food for dinner during these three days, and that’s very unusual for me. For example, my carbohydrates were higher on Wednesday than the other today’s, I did eat Chick-fil-a for dinner; even though Chick-fil-a is good, it’s also very fattening. Also, I noticed my sodium intake was extremely high, it was about 3,000 mg or more each day. My choices of snacks these three days weren’t the smartest, I was eating pure sugar, nothing that was benefiting my body. By analyzing my results, I learned that I need to decrease my consumption of carbohydrates and fat and to add some protein to my diet. Even though I did decrease my calorie intake each day than how I used to eat, I should be eating more home cooked meals rather than eating take-out food. With the rate that I am going, I should be making more healthy choices, or else my health won’t be in good shape. Even though I get most of my exercise at work, a simple 30-minute run would make a difference in my health and body composition. I should eat foods that have fewer carbohydrates, sodium, and fats. Overall, I learned the importance of macronutrients that are to our bodies, and ways that I can improve my health style.

Psychology Learning, Development, Stress And Health, And...

Have you ever sat down and wondered how you became the person you are today? Or maybe, sat down and thought about who you actually grown to be? If you are like me than most likely your answer to these questions would be no, and that’s fine. Psychology plays a major role in the way we are brought up and who we are today. Believe it or not, the way we are taught and the way we are are today deals with the way our brain has grown and developed throughout our years on this earth. During psychology class, I learned about many different theories that different people came up with to clarify how we act today. In this paper i’m going to use my knowledge of learning, development, stress and health, and personality theories and integrate them with my life. Although, as a child, observational learning and classical learning played roles in the way I am today; operant learning has really impacted me the most. operant learning is when reinforcements are used to either decrease or in crease the probability of a behavior occurring again. Reinforcements is anything that increases or decreases the likelihood of something to happen. There are two different types of reinforcers; positive and negative. Positive reinforcement is when a rewarding stimulus is added, and a negative reinforcement is when an aversive stimulus is removed. When I was little I was always rewarded with money whenever I did a good deed, or got good grade. This is an example of positive reinforcement because gettingShow MoreRelatedDiscovering Psychology1356 Words   |  6 Pagesof Social Sciences PSY/211 Version 3 Essentials of Psychology Copyright  © 2013, 2012, 2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. 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That isRead MoreContribution of Psychology and Social Psychology to the S tudy of Health and Welfare Issues1358 Words   |  6 PagesContribution of Psychology and Social Psychology to the Study of Health and Welfare Issues In this assignment I will be comparing and contrasting two psychological approaches demonstrating their relevance to understanding a health issue. The issue that I will be applying the two psychological approaches to is Smoking. 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Each of these theories has similarities and distinctions regarding the mechanisms that underlie the impact of child abuse. This essay will examine these competing theories to determine which mechanisms are most strongly supported for families at high risk for child abuse and/or neglect (Begle, Dumas Hanson, 2010). Social Learning Theory Social learning theory suggests that theRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Main Principles in Any Two of the Followingpsychological Therapies: Psychoanalysis, Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Therapy or Humanistic Therapy1584 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology Assignment 1 â€Å"Compare and contrast the main principles in any two of the followingPsychological therapies: psychoanalysis, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy or humanistic therapy.† Over the detritus of centuries, mental illnesses (such as anxiety, depression and personality disorder) have been a major contentious topic, especially in the medieval times in which religion centered, cultural and traditional influenced people deemed these exhibiting symptoms of psychopathology asRead MorePsy230 Final1203 Words   |  5 Pagesthat the answers do not come quite so easily. Really, forget the answer; the question is what the meaning of life is. Man has asked this question for millennia, and we still search for it today. We have learned a lot in the last nine weeks about personality and how it develops within a person. We have analyzed those we love and ourselves as well. All of this research has led us to nothing but more questions. I believe it is up to the individual to find the purpose and meaning to their own lives. TheRead MorePsychology and Its Importance1295 Words   |  6 PagesArticle Psychology and Its Importance Psychology What psychology means? What’s the function of psychology? Is it important? What’s the importance of it then? What do you call a person who studies psychology? There are a lot of questions concerning psychology and as you continue reading this article many of those queries will get answered accordingly. Psychology means a theoretical, educational and applied science connecting the scientific study of mental operations and behavior or performance

Understanding Social Influence On Online Choice - 1024 Words

Purpose of the Study To Switch or Not to Switch: Understanding Social Influence in Online Choice is a study that was focused on the role of social influence in online recommender systems. Haiyi Zhu and Bernardo A. Huberman, the authors of the study, were interested in studying how often peoples’ choices are affected by other individuals’ endorsements. The hypothesis of the study is that individuals â€Å"are more likely to reverse their opinions when the reversion causes less self-inconsistency (the confirmation pressure is weaker) or the opposing social opinions are stronger (the conformity pressure is stronger)†. Methodology The researchers conducted various online experiments. The participants in the study went to the Rankr website to select their preference of one image out of two images displayed. They first did this with no knowledge of what people before them picked. The second time the participants had indications of what others had chosen. The researchers were trying to determine whether seeing other peoples’ preferences affected the participants’ choices. This setup allowed for social influence to be measured based on if people changed their selections between the two instances. The researchers wanted to see if the participants changed their mind after seeing what others preferred. In addition, the researchers wanted to manipulate the pressure of social opinions by changing the time between the two selection periods. The first time participants selected theirShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Body Image And Social Media Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesSocial media is often viewed as ‘friendlier’ than mass media and more ‘real.’ Posts on Instagram, Facebook, and Tumblr are made by ‘real’ people. While many women have learned to recognize the inaccurate portrayals of the female body in mass media, fewer have made this connection with social media. An Instagram post can be edited, retouched, angled, and filtered to make the individual in the photo look drastically different from the way they appear in person, just as models are altered in mass mediaRead MoreStudy Habits1010 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Responsible gaming is an attitude the students need if they were to engage into playing computer online games. Developing this attitude is not a personal choice alone, it required the participation of the society. As time continues to run, our world keeps getting more advance and modernize and until now, it doesn’t stop. One of the finished products of modernization is the machine called computer. Since it was invented and being developed, itRead MoreMultidimensional Framework Proposed By Rockquemore And Colleagues1237 Words   |  5 Pagesterms of social construction of race, this particular framework acknowledged only two â€Å"traditional† options of being â€Å"Black† or â€Å"biracial†. 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It evaluates the challenges that NHS Choices is facing with its current social media adoption or use and does so through an evaluation of two social media platforms: Facebook and Twitter. The selection of these two specific social media platforms is driven by the popularity of Facebook and Twitter with the UK population. In an Ofcom report published in 2014, 96% of online adults used Facebook as their default social networking site closely followed by Twitter (Ofcom, 2014).Read MoreThe Consumer Of Shopper Marketing992 Words   |  4 PagesA deep understanding to the statistic s for the American consumer regarding shopper marketing is not just about what activity is in the store but about the capacity to gain an understanding from the influences right around the store brining in the new customers. Know your brand by grasping the benefits and money invested that would influence shopper’s decisions such as in a recession, the non-essentials is hit the hardest. Price is the dominant power of selection but is not the only choice. ShopperRead MoreSociological Theories and Theorists1274 Words   |  6 Pageswas dominated by a group called philosophes; these men believed that human society could be improved through scientific discoveries (Kendall 11). In France during this time period women were excluded from public life, but some women were able to influence the philosophes by participating in a â€Å"salon† which is much like an open house which encouraged discussion and debates. During these salon’s the men typically viewed the women as someone that was a good listener, or maybe even a mistress; they did

Towards Energy Proportional Computing for Enterprise

Question: Discuss about the Towards Energy Proportional Computing for Enterprise. Answer: Towards Energy-Proportional Computing For Enterprise-Class Server Workloads In huge data centers, there are thousands of nodes for computing purpose that also became a common place for enterprise computing processes. The growth of power consumptions of these data centers is occurring at an unprecedented rate. In addition to this, the servers are unable to provide execution, which is energy efficient under every level of utilization, thus do not exhibit an energy proportionality. This also reduces the overall energy level efficiency of these data centers. Hence, effective strategies are needed to improve energy efficiency and for controlling power consumption in data center servers. This report is based on investigating the possibility of achieving the energy proportionality, by using interface of Intel's RAPL (Running Average Power Limit), for server workload of enterprise-class. This report is about analyzing RAPL Interface's impact on per-transaction, performance, energy efficiency and power consumption, under the various level of loads for benchmarking. Intels RAPL Interface The power consumption by typical servers is 35 to 45 percentage of the peak power at idle state. Hence, it is challenging to achieve an energy proportionality for server workload of enterprise-class. In the interface provided by Intel's RAPL, DVFS, which refers to the dynamic scaling of voltage and frequency, is used for achieving improved energy efficiency, since it has the potential to give a cubic amount of energy savings. It is also the part that is responsible for energy proportionality in the system. The other subsystem is uncore which consumes a constant amount of power level, without depending upon system utilization. It has on-chip meters for energy measurement that deals with processor package, DRAM and core subsystem, also enables tracking down the power consumption at a system level basis and time resolution of 1 ms, which was earlier not possible. It also provides control over consumption of power through subsystems power limiting interfaces ("Intel Usage-to-Platform Re quirements Process", 2007). Contributions :Power Management via SPECpower Analysis For server workloads in enterprise-class, RAPL Interface provides a server-side processing application for Java transaction and it is based on the benchmark of SPECjbb2005. It mainly focuses on the CPU, memory hierarchy, caches and also performs implementation tests on JVM, JIT, threads and garbage collection. For benchmark process, it requires SUT and CCS, along with Ethernet that is used for communicating between systems (Stannack, 1996). Performance Characteristics of RAPL Interface Power Limiting - It limits the average power over the sliding window and does not limit instantaneous power. Its advantage is no performance degradation of workload if average performance is within power limits specified. Energy Metering- It reports the information about the actual usage of energy in the system. Performance Status- It reports the impact of performance due to the power limit. There is an MSR Interface that reports the overall time for each domain that functioned below P-state requested by the operating system. It will determine the power limiting effects on particular workloads (He, Jenkins, Wu, 2016). Power Information- It provides a range of values for control attributes that are associated with limiting of power. Each range of values specifies information for a particular domain of RAPL that corresponds to its power consumption limitation. It also includes information such as minimum power and maximum power requirement and maximum time of window ("The power of information", 2016). Power Profiles at Various SPECpower Load Levels SUT and CCS are interconnected via Ethernet gigabit network. The test beds consume an average power of 117 W at the idle condition and 314 W at the load level of 100% of SPECpower. At peak power, the system consumes 37.2%, at idle mode. Impact on Response Characteristics Usually, load levels of 50%, 60% and 70% under SPECpower limits are run by manual configuration. It does not allow to enable operation of energy proportionality at full system limit. But it's possible to achieve power savings moderately at a full system, without degradation of power. Also, with load level decrease, power saving is increased (Ryckbosch, Polfliet, Eeckhout, 2011). Limitation RAPL Interface doesnt evaluate power impact due to memory footprint increase in the benchmark of SPECpower. It doesn't explain the use of limiting memory power in operation of energy proportionality. A multi-dimensional formula for achieving best time window and power limit possible is still required. It doesnt create a system in runtime, using optimization framework and power models. Conclusion The energy and power management remains an issue with the data centers. But efficient management of power in workloads that belonged to the enterprise-class server has great potential to reduce costs that are energy oriented. To improve the energy efficiency of the data centers, there is a need for energy proportionality, which can be achieved by RAPL Interfaces for SPECpower benchmarks. Both the contributions and limitations of Intel's RAPL Interface has been included in this summary report for brief understanding. References He, Y., Jenkins, N., Wu, J. (2016). Smart Metering for Outage Management of Electric Power Distribution Networks.Energy Procedia,103, 159-164. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.266 Intel Usage-to-Platform Requirements Process. (2007).Intel Technology Journal,11(01). https://dx.doi.org/10.1535/itj.1101.03 Ryckbosch, F., Polfliet, S., Eeckhout, L. (2011). Trends in Server Energy Proportionality.Computer,44(9), 69-72. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mc.2011.130 Stannack, P. (1996). Purchasing power and supply chain management powertwo different paradigms?a response to Ramsay's Purchasing power (1995).European Journal Of Purchasing Supply Management,2(1), 47-56. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-7012(95)00021-6 The power of information. (2016).IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery,31(4), 1780-1780. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2016.2593671

National Recovery Administration free essay sample

We have nothing to fear but fear itself. † This statement is from C. 🙂 Franklin D. Roosevelt’s first inaugural address. 14. All of the following statements about the Civilian Conservation Corps are true except C. 🙂 it eventually came to employ over one-third of the American work force. 15. In personally taking over the task of setting the dollar amount the government would pay for gold, Franklin Roosevelt’s announced purpose was to D. 🙂 manipulate the price of gold so as to raise prices. 16. He strove to strengthen the child’s respect for parental and other traditional authority. 17. What was the overall U. S. unemployment rate during the worst periods of the Depression? B. 🙂 25% 18. The thrust of Roosevelt’s â€Å"Good Neighbor† policy was to A. ? retreat from the military interventionism and blatant economic domination which had characterized previous American policy toward Latin America 19. All of the following â€Å"New Deal† agencies were created during the Great Depression to provide jobs for the unemployed EXCEPT A. We will write a custom essay sample on National Recovery Administration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 🙂 Farm Security Administration (FSA) 20. Which of the following best describes the administrations of Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge? C. 🙂 â€Å"The business of government is business! † 21. The â€Å"Lost Generation† refers to C. 🙂 young writers disillusioned by the materialism, decadence, and conformity domination 1920s America 22. All of the following contributed to the Great Depression EXCEPT D. 🙂 lack of credit to help consumers sustain economic growth 23. The Smoot-Hawley Tariffs and other protectionist trade measures had the long-term effect of D. 🙂 sparking retaliatory measures from Europe which weakened both their economies and ours24. The recession of 1937 was primarily caused by E.   premature tightening of credit and cutbacks in spending for New Deal programs 25. The Scopes Trial had the effect of B. 🙂 highlighting the intolerance of religious fundamentalism and its conflict with contemporary science and secularism 26. The philosophy behind the New Deal was primarily to E. ? expand the role of federal government in providing jobs, relief for the unemployed, better wages, and regulation of industry to control the abuses of the past which had led to the current depression 27. Fearing the U. S. Supreme Court would find much of his second term New Deal legislation unconstitutional, as it had done for much of the New Deal legislation passed during his first term, Franklin Roosevelt responded by D. 🙂 threatening to increase the number of justices 28. President Warren G. Harding’s administration could best be compared to that of C. 🙂 Ulysses Grant 29. Droughts, high tariffs, bankruptcies, and low prices during the late 1920s had the greatest impact on B. 🙂 the United States Stock Market 30. The scandal in 1919 that affected the integrity of major league baseball was. The Black Sox Scandal† 31. Marcus Garvey, leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, argued for B. 🙂 a return to Africa . 32. â€Å"The business of our nation is business† were the words of A. ? Calvin Coolidge 33. When the United States Supreme Court failed to rule favorably on New Deal legislation, President Franklin A. 🙂 introduced a judiciary reorganization bill that would increase the number of Supreme Court justices 34. The first woman to serve in a Cabinet-level position was A. 🙂 Frances Perkins 35. The case of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti in the 1920s best illustrated E. The extent of the â€Å"Red Scare† 36. W. C. Handy, Joe â€Å"King† Oliver, and â€Å"Jelly Roll† Morton were known for their accomplishments in A. 🙂 jazz 37. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation and the Home Loan Bank Act of 1932 were enacted during what United States president’s administration to help ease the effects of the Great Depression? A. 🙂 Herbert Hoover 38. The â€Å"court-packing† scheme proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 5, 1937 I. was triggered by Supreme Court decisions that undid much of the first New Deal II. was withdrawn when a majority of the Supreme Court justices retired III. Became unnecessary when the Supreme Court began reversing previous decisions and upholding New Deal legislation IV. was replaced by a Judiciary bill that denied the president the power to enlarge the federal courts but conceded badly needed procedural reforms C. 🙂 I, III, and IV only 39. â€Å"There is no right to strike against the public safety, anywhere, any time,† was said by C. 🙂 Calvin Coolidge on calling out the Massachusetts National Guard during the Boston police strike 40. The Republican administrations of the 1920s would best be described as B. Supporting isolationism and laissez-faire business policies domestically 41. The Palmer Raids of the 1920s were a response to C. ? fears of communism follwoing after the Russian Revolution 42. The use of installment plans during the 1920s was significant to the economy because it D. 🙂 served as a catalyst for a new consumer-based economy 43. The Supreme Court decision of Schenck v. United States established the precedent for the idea that B. 🙂 speech that presents a â€Å"clear and present danger† is not protected 44. Which of the following events illustrates the nativist sentiments of the 1920s? The reemergence of the Ku Klux Klan and the passage of the National Origins Act 45. What was the 1920s Harlem Renaissance? E. 🙂 A period of artistic achievement in multiple fields by African-Americans 46. The trial of Sacco and Vanzetti illustrated America’s fear of D. 🙂 immigrants who possessed radical or leftist beliefs 47. The impact of the Fordney-McCumber and Hawley-Smoot Tariffs could be best described as B. 🙂 crippling Europe’s ability to pay off its war debts and damaging America industry 48. Why was the Kellogg-Briand Pact significant? A. The nations involved agreed not to use threat of war against each other. 49. A primary reason for Henry Ford’s success in the automobile industry was that he C. 🙂 adopted a strategy of horizontal integration 50. The purpose of the Nineteenth Amendment was to D. 🙂 grant suffrage to women 51. The Scopes Trial illustrated the nation’s debate over A. ? religious conservatism versus modern scientific theories 52. Warren G. Harding’s administration is most associated with which scandal? Teapot Dome Scandal 53. The group of American authors disillusioned by society follwoing the First World War are referred to as C. The Lost Generation 54. The election of Herbert Hoover over Al Smith illustrated C. 🙂 nativist opinions concerning religion 55. At the start of the Great Depression, Black Tuesday occurred when D. ? investors raced to sell their stock holdings 56. The Dust Bowl of the Great Depression occurred because C. 🙂 intense agriculture had depleted the topsoil 57. African-Americans during the Depression often experienced B. 🙂 increased discrimination in employment and in relief programs 58. When faced with the stock market crash and the start of the Depression, Hoover supported D. Encouraging voluntary reforms within private business 59. The main goal of the Bonus Army at the start of the Depression was to A. 🙂 allow veterans to receive their promised army pensions early 60. The main purpose of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation was to B. 🙂 provide government credit to secure failing banks 61. How did Presidents Hoover and Roosevelt differ in thier attempts to respond to the Great Depression? B. 🙂 While Roosevelt felt that aid should be supplied directly to the people, Hoover felt that the government should only try to stabilize the corporations and banks. What is the practice of buying on margin? B. 🙂 Using bank loans to purchase stocks 63. Which of the following New Deal agencies was created to assist businesses most directly? C. 🙂 National Recovery Administration 64. What was Franklin Roosevelt’s â€Å"Brain Trust†? B. 🙂 A collection of intellectuals who served as unofficial advisers 65. How did the Second New Deal differ from the First New Deal during the Depression? A. ? It contained a greater number of social welfare benefits. 66. Huey Long and Upton Sinclair criticized the New Deal on the grounds that E.

Free Essays on Hispanics In The Work Force

The author gives you a good look into reality on Hispanics in the workforce here in America. Hispanics are the one of the largest minority groups in the U.S. today. Hispanics accounted for more than half the country's population growth. They are of either immigrated to or were born here in the U.S. They value education, family unity, religious faith and a good work ethic. Early Hispanics motives for up rooting their families and themselves to come to the United States was to escape overbearing governments and for religious freedom. Now they come in search of work, taking the risk of crossing the boarders and then the desert. Some make it and some die, but they all want the same thing ‘the American dream’. They are becoming the new labor force that is replacing a workforce that is aging out. They are taking the jobs that the older population won’t do anymore or can’t do. They are mostly taking the bare minimum wage positions that require a lot of hard work. The jobs that they hold consist of what the average white person will not do for the pay that is offered leaving it open for the Hispanics. Hispanic people are considered cheap and good labor and a lot of companies would prefer to hire a Hispanic person over a white for less money. Despite the fact that there are so many Hispanics in the workforce, companies are slow to update communication and management styles to include the Hispanic employees and not to just cater to the practices to suit non-Hispanic, White and other employees. Hispanics are very diverse people covering about twenty different countries. With this you can realize why some are educated and some are not and while others can speak English and some can’t or don’t. Some countries are more underdeveloped than others, which explain why some Hispanics from those countries cannot speak English much less read or write their own language. Companies seam to over look this, but if they want to keep up with them... Free Essays on Hispanics In The Work Force Free Essays on Hispanics In The Work Force The author gives you a good look into reality on Hispanics in the workforce here in America. Hispanics are the one of the largest minority groups in the U.S. today. Hispanics accounted for more than half the country's population growth. They are of either immigrated to or were born here in the U.S. They value education, family unity, religious faith and a good work ethic. Early Hispanics motives for up rooting their families and themselves to come to the United States was to escape overbearing governments and for religious freedom. Now they come in search of work, taking the risk of crossing the boarders and then the desert. Some make it and some die, but they all want the same thing ‘the American dream’. They are becoming the new labor force that is replacing a workforce that is aging out. They are taking the jobs that the older population won’t do anymore or can’t do. They are mostly taking the bare minimum wage positions that require a lot of hard work. The jobs that they hold consist of what the average white person will not do for the pay that is offered leaving it open for the Hispanics. Hispanic people are considered cheap and good labor and a lot of companies would prefer to hire a Hispanic person over a white for less money. Despite the fact that there are so many Hispanics in the workforce, companies are slow to update communication and management styles to include the Hispanic employees and not to just cater to the practices to suit non-Hispanic, White and other employees. Hispanics are very diverse people covering about twenty different countries. With this you can realize why some are educated and some are not and while others can speak English and some can’t or don’t. Some countries are more underdeveloped than others, which explain why some Hispanics from those countries cannot speak English much less read or write their own language. Companies seam to over look this, but if they want to keep up with them...

Argumentive Eassy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Argumentive Eassy - Essay Example Social networking sites, such as Facebook and Myspace, have become the most modern and the most common methods of communication between people, especially for teenagers. While teenagers appreciate the ease in which they are able to communicate with friends and family members, there are many concerns in regard to this newer form of communication. Social networking sites are harming the social skills of teenagers, keeping them from other aspects of their lives, and have proven to be dangerous to their lives and well-beings. With all of these aspects combined, many parents have come to believe that social networking websites are harmful to teenagers. While many people, teenagers especially, believe that Facebook and Myspace are considered to be social networking sites, there are still others, consisting of mainly parents, that feel that social networking is an oxymoron. Through these social websites, teenagers are able to keep in touch with friends, family members, and teachers, as well as being able to meet new people through the many communities via these networking sites. However, the more that teenagers depend on these websites to communicate with others, the less time they seem to spend with friends and family outside of their web-driven social lives. The days of talking on the phone or going to a friend’s house have long since gone with the introduction of these simple communicative tools, making having a social life more convenient to teenagers of this generation. A social life nowadays usually consists of friends meeting each other in various chat rooms or forums on social networking websites to talk. The biggest fear here is that teenagers growing up in this digital generation and putting too much dependency on these websites will begin to lose real social skills, as their methods are now centering more around a computer instead of face-to-face communication, or even a conversation taking place

Shoes leather business industry in South Korea Term Paper

Shoes leather business industry in South Korea - Term Paper Example Subsequently, it has also been learnt that government laws regarding the operations of the leather industry are also quite strict wherein rigid laws are imposed to control the production of leather products in an integrated and ethical manner. These aspects have certainly affected the overall industry operations of the leather producing sector to a large extent (PETA, 2013; UNIDO, n.d.). Focusing on this particular issue, this paper intends to analyze in detail the overall challenges faced by the tanning or leather industry of South Korea. The paper further emphasizes upon the issues that are being related with the leather industry of the world with special regard to South Korea taking the example of HAESUNG AIDA Co. Ltd. A Brief Overview of the Company HAESUNG AIDA Co. Ltd. is one of the largest and the most well known companies of South Korea. The company mainly focuses on manufacturing quality leather products. It has been observed that the company is considered as a world class t annery manufacturer, the quality of which is considered excellent by the branded companies playing in the global market. It is known that the company has acquired the reputation of a leading leather company of Korea. Undoubtedly, this acknowledgement has been gained through immense hard work and honesty in manufacturing its products for the people all over the world. It always intends to produce products that would be able to satisfy the current needs of the customers to the utmost level. It has been observed that through continuous development of technology and innovative production techniques, the company has managed to establish large size production units which are further operated through organized processes in Korea. This enables it to carry out bulk production and obtain a... The leather industry is one of the most rapidly developing industries of the world. It has been observed that the industry plays a major role in economic performance of the countries. It has been observed that effective performance of companies in this industry will be related with the several aspects or rather obstructions such as environmental factors related with the operations of the company, government regulations for this kind of industries and some other vital barriers. It can be further observed that the company has taken various steps in order to alleviate all the associated concerns of the leather industry. In this regard, the company provided training to its employees, arranged programs for customers and suppliers for environmental awareness and incorporated a lot of advanced technologies in the working process in order to enhance its environmental performance. The company also comes up with new strategies in order to operate efficiently in spite of the economic downturn. However, despite these steps the company has experienced certain financial breakdowns owing to the various problems associated with the leather industry. The financial position or performance of the company is effected by the cost it spends in enhancing its environmental performance, expenditure and losses of the company owing to the stern governmental regulations and the maintenance of its employees regardless of its negative performance due to recession.

Richter case - Infrastructure Essay Example for Free

Richter case Infrastructure Essay Looking at the current (2007) IT governance of Richter, Szà ¼cs is the IT director and is working together with around 50 people in the head department in Hungary. Those 50 people are focusing on four different areas: â€Å"IT operations (12), procurement and service (15), SAP support (12), IT strategy and projects (4)† (Mitchell et al., 2007). Altogether they develop a strategic plan which is expected to support the business processes at Richter. However, a plan is not very flexible since it first has to be approved by the CFO of Richter and then still has to be agreed on by the senior management. This process though takes place only once a year, namely each year in June. But there is not only the headquarter of Richter in Hungary but different affiliates all over the world (e.g. Poland, India, Russia, Romania). Those affiliates have their own IT departments and IT directors. Major important infrastructure/IT decisions and decisions regarding the SAP modules have to be coordinated and discussed with Szà ¼cs and the head office in Hungary. If the affiliates develop a plan they have to present them like Szà ¼cs but to their respective CEOs. This structure shows the level of importance of IT to Richter and has some strengths as well as weaknesses. As mentioned above IT has more of a supporting role for Richter’s business processes and there are IT directors who develop plans with a team of different specialists but cannot implement them by themselves. Looking at Broadbent and Weill (1997), Richter has a dependent infrastructure view. Their IT as a percent of expenses are around the average relative to its competitors and they also want to achieve cost savings but still be relatively flexible. This has the advantage of staying competitive without that much risk. Due to top management requiring to approve the plans developed by the IT director they can evaluate the cost and risk exactly. However, since top management might not have the best IT knowledge it could happen that they do not approve a plan because they think it is too expensive and risky. But if they would have enough IT understanding they might see the value this plan will add to the company. Also, the meetings are just once a year which let them lose some flexibility. Another infrastructure view is the enabling view. Having this view, Richter would have much higher IT expenses and their IT infrastructure would always  be on the edge. This view has its strengths and weaknesses as well: They would be a lot more flexible and management of IT would probably be different. The IT directors would not have to get approval by the CFO and top management but rather work together with them looking for opportunities to be innovative and get a competitive advantage for some time. This view has its downsides, though: Investing much money and being the first to invest in something new is always connected with a lot of risk. Also, if the affiliates would be allowed to decide everything on their own failures might be discovered too late and increase the loss. Yet, another view is the utility view with which the firm has low IT expenses and focuses on cost savings. IT is clearly used as a supporting tool. The IT director (if there even is one) gets told what is needed and just tries to find the most cost-saving solution. The firm has low risk since it does not invest much money but is not very innovative and maybe loses some profits because it probably imitates competitors later on.

Criticism of The Storm by Kate Chopin Essay -- Kate Chopin Storm Sexua

Criticism of The Storm by Kate Chopin While it has traditionally been men who have attached the "ball and chain" philosophy to marriage, Kate Chopin gave readers a woman’s view of how repressive and confining marriage can be for a woman, both spiritually and sexually. While many of her works incorporated the notion of women as repressed beings ready to erupt into a sexual a hurricane, none were as tempestuous as The Storm. Kate Chopin was a woman whose feminist viewpoints were far ahead of her time, which of course garnered her more than her share of criticism. In a time when women were expected to behave "properly" and sexual desire was considered to be something only experienced by men, Chopin spoke with exceptional openness about human sexuality. She lambasted society for its perpetual close-mindedness in a time when righteousness was considered to be an attribute, and she helped to generate more enlightened attitudes among both the women and men of her time. In The Storm, the character of Calixta is unable to fulfill society's standards of virtue, despite her perceived purity by her lover Alcee. When Alcee professes, "If she was not an immaculate dove in those days, she was still inviolate" (p. 34), he is basically saying that just because a woman is not chaste, does not mean she is not pure of heart. After all, it was Calixta's marriage which had stripped her of her chastity status. So why should her morality be called into question? Of course the morality i...

The models For Organizational Diagnosis

Organizations undertake a diagnosis of their operation for purposes of checking the effectiveness and efficiency of their work processes. It is because they owe it to their stakeholders, stockholders and other interest groups to assure that their needs and expectations are met. When an organization is regularly checked and diagnosed, problems can be pinpointed and resolved and/or anticipated and avoided. Diagnosis and evaluation of the operation and management of an organization can pave the way for initiatives and innovations towards change and the betterment of the company.The different types of organizational diagnostic models are: Force Field Analysis: This model is a simple method designed by Kurt Lewin in 1951. It takes into consideration the two major forces affecting an organization: the restraining forces that are borne from the limitations of the company; and, the driving forces that are borne out of the effective and positive characteristics of the organization. In applyin g this diagnostic method, the desired balance in enhancing the driving forces to counter the restraining forces will be achieved.Leavitt’s Model This diagnostic tool model desgined by H. J. Leavitt in 1967 looks into the contributing variables in an organization. These variables are the tasks performed; the structure designed; the technology implemented and the human resources available.What this model checks are the changes in any and each of the variables and how they affect each other. In diagnosing an organization using this will pinpoint effectiveness of change that will benefit all the variables. Likert System Analysis R.Likert designed a diagnosis model in 1967 that addresses the motivation; communication; interaction; decision making; goal setting; control and performance aspects of an organization. These aspects of an organization are reflected in four different management systems such are the exploitative-authoritative type; the benevolent-authoritative type; the co nsultative type; and the participative group type. This model uses the questionnaire tool to assess an across the board opinion among the employees, thus, a true consensus can be derived at and better analyzed as the responses are graphed and plotted to see trends and transitions.Open Systems Theory Organizations are deemed to be a social entity and the open systems theory greatly considers the feedback from its environment and outside factors. This diagnostic model considers inputs; throughputs; outputs and renewed inputs in and out of the organization to achieve the desired dynamics towards efficiency. In diagnosing through the open systems theory, the organization has a wider leverage to really see the finer details of its function in the inside and in the outside that will lead to a more comprehensive identification of more factors towards change.Weisbord’s Six-Box Model This model as designed in 1976 by Weisbord outlines the categories in an organization that must be dia gnosed: its purposes; structures; relationships; leadership; rewards and helpful mechanisms. Everything that work and play around those categories must be identified and congruently be evaluated towards initiated and innovative, appropriate change. This will identify the â€Å"what is† aspect of the categories and then arrive at â€Å"what should be†. In applying this model, an organization can profoundly dissect its functions thru the very pinpointed questions to be asked.The Congruence Model for Organization Analysis This model is a dynamic combination of the principle of the Open Systems Theory; the Leavitt System Analysis and the Weisbord Six-Box Model. Nadler-Tushman developed this analytical method with the assumption that organizations are dynamic entities operating within a wider environment outside of its confines and that there are behaviors among its employees as individual and groups that transpire and interact and transact.This model is remarkable because it zeroes-in into the aspects of the functions in the organization in terms of whether they fit or they do not fit. It is a model that analyzes relevance and congruence in the interaction of the functions. McKinsey 7S Framework Within the framework of an organization as what the McKinsey Consultants identified in 1981 are the â€Å"7-S† that interact: style; staff; systems; strategy; structure; skills; shared values. These variables are illustrated as cells and molecules which makes them interdependent with each other.The framework therefore rationalizes that to achieve efficiency in an organization, all of those variables must be simultaneously, equally efficient. Any change on any of the variable must correlate with a change in the others. The benefit of using this model is that any initiatives towards change will be reflected in each and every variable of the organization and not just on only one. Tichy’s Technical Political Cultural (TPC) Framework This is a model that further analyzes the environment an organization is in, together with its history.It was designed in 1983. In this diagnosis, the cultural, political and technical dynamics of the organization are identified. The merit of this model is that it considers diagnosing to be very specific about every â€Å"strand† of the organization’s political, cultural and technical dynamics that they should be aligned, managed congruently for the organization to be efficient. High-Performance Programming This diagnostic model adopted the Likert System Analysis to work on the four levels in the organization.Level 1 is identified as the reactive level. The responsive level is the 2nd level. The 3rd level is the proactive level and the 4th is the high-performance level. It was in 1984 that Nelson and Burns designed this model to enable organizations to plan the right interventions towards the necessary transformation. Utilizing this model will enable an organization to truly empower e very individual in its employ that will lead to growth and development. Diagnosing Individual and Group BehaviorThis model specifically focuses on the individual behavior of employees in the organization. M. I. Harrison used in1987 the principles of the Open Systems theory in designing this model. This model takes into account the variable transpiring on the organizational level; the variables on the group level and the variables on the individual level. The distinctive premise of this model that is remarkable is that it considers the quality work life of employees. The Burke-Litwin Model of Organizational Performance & ChangeBurke-Litwin developed this diagnostic model in 1990, thus this is more modern method. This diagnosis process covers the 12 theoretical variables; the consideration of the variable effect of the climate and culture of an organization; the distinction between transactional and transformational dynamics of the organization; and, the specification of the nature an d direction of the effect of the variables. This diagnosis model is the most comprehensive method that will truly define an organization. A. T. &T. (merged with BellSouth Corporation)Going two notches higher because of its year 2008 revenue performance at US$124 billion –A. T. &T. ranked No. 8 amongst Fortune top 500 global companies. This is higher by 4. 3% from its 2007 revenue earnings. 2008 Profits is US$12 billion. Based in Dallas, Texas, A. T. &T. merged with BellSouth in the year 2006. At close of the last trading hour of the last trading day for the week, April 24, 2009 positioned A. T. &T. stock at US$. 25. 22 per share. At more than 100 years of corporate existence, A. T. &T.is the world’s largest communications holding company with most advanced, most innovative, most comprehensive telecommunication services from telephones, to internet, to multimedia services, to entertainment solutions meeting individual to multinational business needs of its 77 million cu stomers.Its research and development laboratories are the most advanced facilities in modern day technology. The leadership it has etched in telecommunication is due to the groundbreaking initiatives in innovations and inventions. Its technological advancements have merited seven Nobel Prizes and thousands of patents all over the world.A. T. &T. sustains its corporate governance by solidifying six strategic focus areas: through their commitments to the betterment of communities; through their meritorious investment in people; through their leadership with integrity, ethics and responsibility; through their environmental concerns for sustainable protection; through their efficient networking with people, businesses and customers; and through their consistently innovating technology. A. T. &T. has more than 300,000 employees worldwide. The career and work environment that the company offers its employees is holistic and comprehensive.Employees have a track opportunity to grow. They ar e made to be involved with the company’s advocacies. They receive above industry standard benefits and privileges. They are continually educated and trained. They dwell within the spirit of true teamwork and concern like a family.Due to the comprehensive global operation and services, the Burke-Litwin diagnostic model will dynamically ensure that continuity and sustainability of the excellence position and prestige that A. T. &T. pursues in the industry. The Burke-Litwin model has the tools and mechanics to analyze the very wide external environment of A.T&T.The many executive positions in the company together with its thousands of employees mandate a more astute conduct of interrelationship behavior plus a unifying culture, a conducive work climate and the alignment of skills, job and performance matching.The mission and strategy of the company together with its management practices can be very well checked by this model, together with the structure of the functions and the system of policies. A complex and dynamic A. T&T. will thrive further and better if they check and balance their organization with the Burke-Litwin model.References:Falletta, S.V., Ed.D.,   â€Å"Organizational Diagnostic Models:   A Review & Synthesis†. 2005. http://www.leadersphere.com/img/Orgmodels.pdf. â€Å"Fortune 500 of 2009† Fortune Magazine. CNNMone.com. http://www.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2009/full_list/. A.T.&T. Corporate Profile http://www.att.com/gen/investor-relations?pid=5711.

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Analysis Of The Poem The Dead - 1416 Words

The Dead Muse: A Critical Analysis of The Raven Your Name Your University The Dead Muse: A Critical Analysis of The Raven The Raven by Edgar Allen Poe is a very famous poem which intricately weaves layer upon layer of meaning through singsong verses. Combining allusions to literature, mythology and religion, the poem tells many stories at once while evoking a feeling of nonsense and a descent into insanity. It is hard to understand what the poem is about—if anything at all, and Poe does not seem eager to elucidate this. However, one such thread weaving through the poem may be a story of Poe s struggle with poverty and obscurity, as he incessantly grasps for elusive fame without success. In this sense, his search for lost Lenore may†¦show more content†¦At first he musters strength and feels his soul growing, but upon opening the door, Poe (1845) writes, â€Å"Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing / Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before† (lines 25-26). Having taken a step towards the muse, we see the artist in his attempt to reach out to something on a familiar canvas, that of darkness and dreaming. The invocation of the imagination here makes it clear that he is searching for Lenore not in the physical realm, but within the unseen and untapped creative landscape. It is not, however, working and the darkness merely echoes his own loneliness. The fact that he is searching through obscure works itself is also important as it symbolizes more than just a curious mind but an artist who is trapped in obscurity. The loneliness in turn may be understood as a metaphor for poverty, and he, the aspiring artist, is unable to break out of this trap—into fame, and wealth. Lenore herself is an obscure being, one of whom nothing is known save for the sole line identifying her as â€Å"the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore† (Poe, 1845, line 10). This lack of knowledge about her means she cannot possibly be a lover whom he has lost, but rather must be a lover whom he has never known. However, the narrator clings to his isolation and books in hopes of finding her, rather than seeking connection with the outside world which will sustainShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem The Dead 1672 Words   |  7 Pagesher money. It is set on this day, because it highlights Gabriel’s epiphany. He is there to break traditions, because they are either dead or dying, just like the Christ. He brings more modern views in regards to how the people respond and remember the dead. The dead in the story are the old traditions that they hold. Also, the memories the people there have on the dead from their past. Specifically, Gretta’s first love, Michael Furey. Gabriel is different from other party guests as he is more modernRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Dead 2307 Words   |  10 PagesMcCrea and Cheng have differing views on the role of identity within Joyce’s â€Å"The Dead.† McCrea argues that identity is incomplete because of the limitations of language whereas Cheng argues that the cultural atmosphere shapes identity. I, however, agree with certain aspects of both arguments. Firstly, I believe that McCrea’s focus on failed communication is needed to understand the nature of identity within â€Å"The Dead;† however, McCrea incorrectly blames everything on the failure of language, whenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Living Dead 1479 Words   |  6 PagesThe Living Dead: An Analysis of Emily Dickinson’s 1861 version of â€Å"Safe in their Alabaster Chambers—â€Å" Assorted critics commonly believe that Emily Dickinson’s 1861 version of â€Å"Safe in Their Alabaster Chambers—† indicates the speaker’s mood about death and religion. One critic’s view, specifically Brent E. Kinser, coincides with the common perception, and adds that she signifies the inevitability of death in the universe (Kinser 144). In his periodical, â€Å"Dickinson’s SAFE IN THEIR ALABASTER CHAMBERS†Read MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Dead 1399 Words   |  6 Pageswould have happened given a certain set of circumstances, but a story all the same. The memories are recalled with a sense of melancholic nostalgia, as though by simply mulling over and transferring the memory to paper, the end will change. In â€Å"The Dead,† Joyce’s protagonist Gabriel Conroy depicted as someone generally considered well-respected, well-educated, and well-mannered. The story takes place over the course of one evening whereby Gabriel and his wife are attending a party hosted by his auntsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem For The Union Dead 1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe poem â€Å"For the Union dead† by Robert Lowell is one of the writings whose title is exquisitely regarded. Commencing as a private meditation of his childhood the poet flashbacks on the commitment of Colonel Robert Shaw a union officer who was assassinated during the battalion of the black soldiers during the time of the civil war. Altering from the historical ancient and modern analysis, the poet is depicted lamenting that the heroic nature in the Contemporary America has been eroded. The contemplationRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Dead 1804 Words   |  8 Pagesthat â€Å"The Dead† was â€Å"Joyceâ€℠¢s crowning masterpiece in the short story genre, both chronologically and aesthetically [†¦as it] disappears or blends at different points [†¦] only to converge in the epiphanic experience of Gabriel† (Monterrery 63). We witness Gabriel’s epiphany at the end of the story as he reflects on the evening’s events and how important his family was in being a vehicle for his success. Joyce wrote, â€Å"His soul had approached that region where dwell the vast hosts of the dead. [†¦ H]isRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Dead Of Night 2410 Words   |  10 Pages In the dead of night, caked in icy mud and blood from the abrasions of the brambles in the mire passed the Fluted Vale; Aberdeen escaped in the cover of darkness in scantly a stitch of clothing stark against her rice flower white skin. She removed leeches from her body with numb fingers and slight pain and annoyance as the chill of the cold ground permeated her tired cold bones in a place just past pure exhaustion. Her heart raced with a sluggish gurgle in her heart and she could feel it inRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Burial Of The Dead 2047 Words   |  9 PagesThe third and the fourth sections of The Waste Land share the images of ‘fire’ to rebuild the images of ‘death and birth’ and connect them to the first section â€Å"The Burial of the Dead†. â€Å"The Fire Sermon† assumes the life after death, through Buddhism, and the medieval Christianity: Burning burning, Burning Burning O Lord Thou Pluckest O Lord Thou Pluckest Burning (TWL, 307-311) The fire image here represents the desires of the human beings yet is theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Dead Poets Society 863 Words   |  4 PagesDead Poets Society is a 1989 film which tells the story of a group of boys who were in a strict private school, Welton Academy, where they must study rigorously. They were accustomed to memorizing information, never think of themselves until the arrival of Mr. John Keating who inspires his students to think of themselves and overcome their reluctance to make changes in their lives and stirs up their interests in poetry and literature. After watching this film, Mr Keating impressed many people deeplyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Fandom Of The Walking Dead 1167 Words   |  5 PagesFor my ethnography project, I chose to study the fandom of The Walking Dead. For the purpose of this paper, I will refer to The Walking Dead as a comic, a video game, and a TV series. The focus of this ethnography is to understand how the comic book culture influences many fans. Since the series is based on a graphic novel series, and some of the fans are schooled in comic culture; they arrive with literacy in comic storytelling. Others who are not fans may recognize the visually and narrative

Nternational Marketing and Marketing Research Free Essays

International Marketing and Marketing Research Compare the advertising campaigns (message, media, target audience†¦ )which company may use a) to launch new product b) to support a long established product whose sales are slowly declining Introduction Due to new challenges which business organisations encounter in ever changing environment, the present marketing must focus on much more than creating new products or services. It is vital to price them attractively and make them available to increasing demands of customers at place where they require them. However, an ffective marketing mix can be only successful only if all it parts take place One of the core aims of firms’ marketing departments nowadays is to give emphasis to communication with their customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Nternational Marketing and Marketing Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now The communication is based on understanding people’s needs. The mission of marketing specialist is to create and design an unique sales promotion. Marketing communications is part of marketing mix. An important goal of advertising is to influence customers’ choices and buying decisions, which will lead to accomplishment of marketing plans of the firm. Advertising has to be visible, clear, and easy to take in. Also, it has to identify the advertiser and their products or services. Marketers bring into play different advertising campaigns. during the ptoduct life cycle, product go through four different stages: introduction stage, growth stage, mature stage and declining stage. When the product is introduced for the first time in the market place, advertisement is aggressive; companies employ many means of direct and indirect marketing to promote it. Mass media are used since there is only little knowledge about this product among customers. Introducing new consumer goods is so-called informative advertising. Its main objective is to build a primary demand. A strategic aim firms follow when promoting the product for the first time is to inform potential buyers about it and highlight its features which distinguish it from competitors. Furthermore, this will create awareness about the product and influence consumers’ perception. It also helps to build the firm’s brand. In contrast, an advertisement of a new product is completely different from an advertisement of already established product, which has declining sales. Usually, these are products, which consumers have already known or used them and at some oint the sales curve start to decline. In this case, the promotion and advertising have marvellous impact to turn sales in opposite way. For example, the company offers some extra services. Furthermore, certain products can be offer with a complimentary product or discounts can take place. Price and non-price competition should be used at this point to keep the product at the market. When the sales are declining the main aim of marketing advertising strategy is to remind consumers of the product or service. The campaign in this case is trying to boost sales and profits. Advertising campaigns vary. Firms can use a means of below and above the line marketing. below the line marketing include direct means of communication, most commonly direct mail and e-mail, often using highly targeted lists of names to maximize response rates and above the line embrace advertising such as television, cinema, radio, print, and Out-of-home to promote brands or convey a specific offer. Literature review Advertising is non personal form of communication, presentation and promotion of consumer goods, which will lead to increasing the sales. The information about certain organization and its products is conveyed to potential buyers through mass edia, such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines, direct mail, public transport, outdoor displays, catalogues, internet. (Dibb, 2009) The main purpose of advertising is to inform or persuade members of particular audience about new products which will enter the market , or for the existence of promotions which will be appropriate for some costumers. On the other hand , the main use of advertising embrace the promotion ot products or an organization in order to awareness among target consumer segment. The most important sides of advertisement are stimulation of demand, off settings of rivals’ advertising strategy, and to support elling drives. (Dibb, 2009) Also, advertising marketing strategy has to notify and educate a certain target market about a brand and its heightened marketing mix or product benefits(Dibb, 2009). Due to these facts, the general idea of all advertising campaigns is to enhance consumption of consumer goods. Identifying the target market The target market is a specific group of people within the market at which the advertising message will be convoyed through the mass media. The target market or audience can be created from people from the same gender, age group, or based on other common features. Researchers attempt to understand the needs of certain target audience and this will lead to creating of marketing message that will make consumers to respond. The consumer feedback plays an important role in designing an advertising campaign. Advertising budget The most difficult marketing decision is how much a company should spend on advertising. According to Kotler(2001), advertising budget usually is influenced by different stages of product life cycle. A product first appearance in the market place usually need higher advertising budget. The company in that stage has to emphasize n building awareness and to gain target consumers. Market shares also affect the budget, expanding the market share require higher advertising cost, on the other hand low share brands often have high advertising spending, which aim to increase sales. Rivals have the main point when a company sets its advertising budget. Developing advertising strategy Consisting of successful advertising strategy depends on advertising message and selecting media. In advertising, different creative strategies are used in order to obtain consumer attention and provoke shoppers to purchase or use a specific product. Advertisers use different ways of thinking to create catchy slogans that capture consumers’ attention. Creative strategies promote publicity, public relations, personal selling and sales promotion. How to cite Nternational Marketing and Marketing Research, Essays

Global Unethical Practices That Need Political Attentions - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Global Unethical Practices That Need Political Attentions. Answer: Introduction: In this post-globalisation era, the increasing level of unethical practices in businesses among different countries are creating more issues by creating more wealth for the wealthy countries, whereas, less wealth for poor economic countries. Presently, different developed countries especially USA develops the trade by bypassing the fair play of conducting businesses. After the Second World War, an effective rule was developed for conducting an ethical business and helps different other countries in conducting their business freely. However, in the present5 time US president Trump is establishing different policies by reducing the free trade. Different developed nations are concentrating on their own profitability rather than concentrating on the development of the nations. However, despite of the fact, political leaders do not concentrate on the development but they only focus on the trade development. This study provides a clear overview regarding different unethical practices and i t also describes how political leaders are avoiding this issue and only focuses on the trade development. For conducting the study, first a brief overview regarding the ethical issues has been provided and then different types of ethical theory is applied in that contexts in order to understand the ethical issues with betterment. Critical analysis: In the present era, along with the development of time, different developed countries are facing dog-eat dog world of the compromise along with the opacity. However, developed nations such as USA are not shifting towards the isolationist nation but they are mainly associated with following the protectionists trade policies before the economic health of world. It has been observed that trades are mainly reverts the rule book that were established in 19th century and the present American president Donald Trump is mainly responsible for this shifts. Donald trump has developed a bargain with the Mexico and Canada for facilitating a Nafta free trade deal. Along with that, Donald Trump has promised a tariff on every metal of different countries by 10 and 25% (NAFTA, Trump and Canada: A guide to the trade file and what it could mean foryou, 2018). This situation can create negative impact on different countries that supplies metal to USA because it increases their export costs and create le sser level of profitability for the organisation and country that supply material to USA. This situation has highly affected Canada because they are the country that supplies large amount of metals. Therefore, charging tax despite of the exemptions can create higher level of impact on Canada because it can negatively impact different Canadian industries. It has been observed that Donald Trump is mainly elevating USA above their neighbours and mainly thinks about the profitability of the USA irrespective of the development of global economic factors (NAFTA, Trump and Canada: A guide to the trade file and what it could mean foryou, 2018). In the contrary, different developing countries such as India is mainly concentrated on the development of the country rather than gaining profitability in the organisation. The same strategy is followed by the president of China for reducing poverty in the country. However, Donald trump do not have any concentration on the reduction of poverty or development of the economy, the only thing that are considered by them is the achievement of the profitability. UK also participates in the dog-eat-dog works for earning more profit in their country by outdo their rivals along with bringing more profitability by reducing the outsourcing of different sectors such as service sectors along with the manufacturing sectors. Though, Britain has not implemented any kind of levy on different foreign country for importing any goods, however, they have makes decision for increasing employability along with the profitability to stop different outsourcing. Therefore, it can be said that different develo ped countries has taken various types of measures in developing their earning but none of them has no interest in developing the global economy (Scotti, 2018). Therefore, it can be said that these countries are avoiding the ethics to follow a free trade policies with several countries with whom they have a good relationship. However, this scenario is not applicable in every context because EU is one of the economic fortresses that has maintained their free trade policies and has not restricted the access of the free trade policies. For discussing the ethics that were strictly followed in the earlier times and is still following in different countries, deontological ethical theories can be followed that mainly holds different types of actions that are rights in a moral ways and mainly follows irrespective of the consequences. From the ethical theories, it can be said that in the earlier times when the ethical practices of free trade was implemented especially among different developed countries such as there were a free trade policy among USA and Canada in the year of 2014 that mainly called as the 1994 agreements or NAFTA and the trade relationship was implemented irrespective of the point of view that tax involved in trade mainly creates higher level of earning (NAFTA, Trump and Canada: A guide to the trade file and what it could mean foryou, 2018). However, in the present time, USA has break the ethics with Canada and other country because they want to reduce the trade related deficit and for this reason, USA want to increase exports and want to reduce the imports from the Mexican along with the Canadian organisation. along with that USA has took several steps in making their country profitable with the help of several ways such as making telecommunication organisation of USA to operate in the NAFTA countries, creating more contract with the government of NAFTA countries etcetera. However, USA did not have implemented any kind of policies regarding the development of the world economy and they only consider the individual profitability (NAFTA, Trump and Canada: A guide to the trade file and what it could mean foryou, 2018). Application of ethical theories in that context: In that consequence, positive and the negative rights theory can be applicable. Here, the negative rights theory mainly demonstrated that an action is right if it can protect any individual from harm from other people or government of different countries that mainly exercising their rights (What are Deontological Ethical Theories?definition and meaning - Business Jargons, 2018). Therefore, by applying the theory in that consequences, it can be said that this theory is mainly applicable in the earlier time while free trade policies were effectively applied among different countries and when different countries carets more agreement among each other in order to generate an effective profitability by ensuring the mutual advantages. However, in the present time, USA is developing those policies that charge a higher level of tax with different countries with which they have a good relationship (Scotti, 2018). Therefore, this situation mainly harms the other developed countries such as Can ada and Mexico. Moreover, UK is also takes an effective step in reducing their outsourcing of different sectors. Therefore, it can be said that this new strategy of the UK government can harm the developing or developed countries to which they mainly outsource their different sectors. Therefore, according to the theory, this practice can be said as unethical because the decision of the political leaders in different developed countries mainly harms other countries with which they currently have an effective agreement. This is because, as per the theory, it has been observed that the action is only rights in that consequences when it protects any individual from the harm but in that cases, the action of developed countries is harming the other countries which is unethical (NAFTA, Trump and Canada: A guide to the trade file and what it could mean foryou, 2018). In the contrary, the positive rights theory mainly demonstrated the fact that any action of individual or entity is right if it tends to provide the things to other entity or individual those are effectively needed by them (What are Deontological Ethical Theories?definition and meaning - Business Jargons, 2018). In that case, the thing that are needed by every developing as well as developed countries are the trade related facilities, therefore, if free trade policy would be continuously maintained among different developed countries, then it can be said that it is ethical practices which were applicable in the earlier times. On the other hand, if it has been observed that the need of other entity is not considered and only the profitability of different nations are considered by the developed nations, then it can be said to be an unethical practices. After the Second World War, the ethical practices were implemented by considering an effective bi-lateral trade relationship with the other countries so that both the countries can achieve advantages. Therefore, it can be said that during that time, an effective and ethical relationship were established. Among countries but in the present time, USA has developed the policy that can only profitable for their nation but it can harm the other countries under the NAFTA trade relationship. USA has developed the policy to increase the tax on different products such as tax but they have makes it mandatory that the NAFTA countries need to buy American products, which is one of the terrible policies without considering the benefits of others (NAFTA, Trump and Canada: A guide to the trade file and what it could mean foryou, 2018). On the other hand, social contract theories are there that mainly demonstrated that people that in contract with each other need to be abide by every political along with the moral obligations towards the society (What are Deontological Ethical Theories?definition and meaning - Business Jargons, 2018). Therefore, as per the theory, it can be said that if there is not any kind of law or order then it can create unlimited freedom. Therefore, according to the theory, ethics is following free trade among different countries by following a moral as well as political overview (Scotti, 2018). Though, this theory may be used in the wrong way which may create higher level of crime if it is applicable in the inappropriate ways. However, it has been observed that in that particular case, this ethical theory can helps in understandings the necessity of free trade so that it can be applicable in the developed countries for developing benefits for different countries. However, in this era of post globalisations most of the developed countries are mainly consider their own profitability along with benefits. As a result, they are thinking about the reduction of the free trade. As USA is one of the strongest countries among all of the nations so that they are creating pressures on different partnership countries for providing taxes, they even creating pressure on Canada who is the largest buyer of products of USA (NAFTA, Trump and Canada: A guide to the trade file and what it could mean foryou, 2018). Therefore, this practice of USA is unethical in nature because they are not following the ethics that need to be followed to help their partnership countries. In the contrary according to the social justice theory, any action is considered to be appropriate as well as right if it shows the fairness in the retributive, distributive along with the compensatory dimensions of the rewards as well as costs (What are Deontological Ethical Theories?definition and meaning - Business Jargons, 2018). Among this entire dimension, distributive dimension clearly shows the fact regarding perceived fairnesss for the distribution of the social benefits along with the burden among the member of groups. Therefore, by applying the dimension it can be said that after forming any group, there should not be any kind of burden among the group member but it has been observed that different free trade related burden are developing among the team countries of free trade. This is because UK and USA are creating burdens regarding trade (Scotti, 2018). However, it is seen that UK was a country that were a member of EU but they have left the EU for gaining more profitab ility and developing trade relationship with several developing nations of Asia. However, after the Brexit, UK has faced inflation and in that consequence for reviving their economic condition, the country has decided to stop the outsourcing of the service and the manufacturing sector for gaining more profitability. In the contrary, the case of USA is completely different; they have restricted the free trade policy among the NAFTA countries because they want to achieve more profitability (NAFTA, Trump and Canada: A guide to the trade file and what it could mean foryou, 2018). Therefore, this situation creates ethical issues because the strategy of these strong developed countries are not following fairnesss in trade. In the contrary, the retributive dimension mainly considers the punishments that are mainly proportionate to the extent of the crime. However, in that case, developed nations are not doing any crime, the only thing that they are doing is not following the ethics for bus inesses and charge some extra levy that can create restriction in free trade and develop an ineffective trade related decision that can harm those countries that are doing huge businesses with the USA, however, for this unethical behaviour of the USA, punishments are not effective because legally the current level of attitude of the USA cannot be called as the illegal. There are huge differences in the unethical and the illegal behaviour. In the contrary, compensatory dimension mainly demonstrated the ways by which people are generally compensated based on the injuries they have faced. From the case, it is seen that the political leaders of different developed nations are creating policies for developing their own economy and they have a lack of focus on the development of the world economy. USA is establishing the law for increasing the corporate tax by 15 to 20% and for this reason; they have decided to not provide any kind of compensation because they believe that for gaining mor e profitability in the country, it is always necessary in reducing the trade deficit by implementing an effective level of tax. Conclusions and recommendation: From the above discussion, it is clear that ethical issues that in the present time, ethical issues in trade are continually increasing that can create a constant ethical issue and for the activity of several developed countries, a long term trade issues can be generated among different countries. It is seen that USA want to stop free trade for Canada which in turns can generate a stoppage of the free trade by Canada for different countries that mainly conducts their business in Canada. These situations can ultimately generate a complete stoppage of the trade and as a result cost of operation can be increased in the world. For this reason, some smaller companies especially from the developing countries may face issues in expanding their business in the overseas countries. Therefore, the situation can ultimately generate the termination of different organisation and the countries that may suffer are the developing countries because they may get an economically downturn industries. Mor eover, stopping outsource of the service sectors of the UK in several developed along with the developing countries can create more loss of jobs. This situation can create an ultimate downturn condition in the economy of the world. Therefore, it can be said that the currently focuses of the political leaders of different developed countries can ultimately generate a terrible word economy. Therefore, for reducing the impact, it is necessary to follow different recommendations such as: Developing tax rate by consulting with the member countries is necessary so that certain implementation of the tax rates cannot create a bad trade relationship. The tax rate needs to be established in that way so that it cannot destroy the trade relationship with the countries with which they have a good relationship. Along with that, it is necessary to establish a constant tax rates for every sector and for every country so that it can reduce the confusion regarding the trade and create a good bond among different countries. However, there is one ultimate solution that can reduce at these issues that is implementing free trade among different set of countries so that mutual benefits of those countries can be secured. References: NAFTA, Trump and Canada: A guide to the trade file and what it could mean foryou. (2018).The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 15 March 2018, from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/trump-nafta-canada-mexico-trudeau/article33715250/ Scotti, M. (2018).A year of Trump: How Canada has been affected by the predictably unpredictable president.Global News. Retrieved 15 March 2018, from https://globalnews.ca/news/3845581/donald-trump-one-year-later-how-canada-has-been-affected/ What are Deontological Ethical Theories?definition and meaning - Business Jargons. (2018).Business Jargons. Retrieved 15 March 2018, from https://businessjargons.com/deontological-ethical-theories.html

Organizational Structure Questions and Exercises Essay Example

Organizational Structure: Questions and Exercises Essay Download this Document for Free training in time management; and training to think more positively and realistically about sources of job stress. Tentative evidence suggests that these applications are useful in reducing physiological arousal, sleep disturbances, and self-reported tension and anxiety. E. Work-Life Balance Programs An increasing number of organizations are providing work-life balance programs and employees are beginning to demand them.These are programs that are designed to help employees’ lead more productive and balanced lives and can include mental and physical fitness programs, coffee bars, and cafeteria health food. Work-life programs are believed to result in lower-health care costs in part due to stress reduction. 60 Chapter 14: Organizational Structure Chapter Summary Questions and Exercises prepared by Alan Saks. I. What Is Organizational Structure? Organizational structure is the manner in which an organization divides its labour into specific tasks a nd achieves coordination among these tasks.It broadly refers to how the organization’s individuals and groups are put together or organized to accomplish work. Organizational structure intervenes between goals and organizational accomplishments and thus influences organizational effectiveness. Structure affects how effectively and efficiently group effort is coordinated. To achieve its goals, an organization has to divide labour among its members and then coordinate what has been divided. II. The Division and Coordination of Labour Labour has to be divided because individuals have physical and intellectual limitations. There are two basic dimensions to the division of labour, a ertical dimension and a horizontal dimension. Once labour is divided, it must be coordinated to achieve organizational effectiveness. A. Vertical Division of Labour The vertical division of labour is concerned primarily with apportioning authority for planning and decision making. A couple of key theme s or issues underlie the vertical division of labour. Autonomy and Control. The domain of decision making and authority is reduced as the number of levels in the hierarchy increases. A flatter hierarchy pushes authority lower and involves people further down the hierarchy in more decisions.Communication. As labour is progressively divided vertically, timely communication and coordination can become harder to achieve. As the number of levels in the hierarchy increases, filtering is more likely to occur. B. Horizontal Division of Labour The horizontal division of labour involves grouping the basic tasks that must be performed into jobs and then into departments so that the organization can achieve its goals. Just as organizations differ in the extent to which they divide labour vertically, they also differ in the extent of horizontal division of labour.A couple of key themes or issues underlie the horizontal division of labour. Job Design. Job design is an important component in the h orizontal division of labour. The horizontal division of labour strongly affects job design and it has profound implications for the degree of coordination necessary. It also has implications for the vertical division of labour and where control over work processes should logically reside. Differentiation. Differenti ation is the tendency for managers in separate functions or departments to differ in terms of goals, time spans, and interpersonal styles.As organizations engage in increased horizontal division of labour, they usually become more and more differentiated. C. Departmentation One way of grouping jobs is to assign them to departments. The assignment of jobs to departments is called departmentation. It represents one of the core aspects of horizontal division of labour. There are several methods of departmentation. Functional departmentation. Underfunctional departmentation, employees with closely related skills and responsibilities (functions) are located in the same depar tment. The main advantage of functional departmentation is efficiency.It works best in small to medium-sized firms that offer relatively few product lines or services. Product departmentation. Under product departmentation, departments are formed on the basis of a particular product, product line, or service. Each of these departments can operate fairly autonomously. A key advantage is better coordination and fewer barriers to communication among the functional specialists who work on a particular product line. They also have more potential for responding to customers in a timely way. A disadvantage is that product-oriented departments might actually work at cross purposes.Matrix departmentation. Matrix departmentation is an attempt to capitalize simultaneously on the strengths of both functional and product departmentation. Employees remain members of a functional department while also reporting to a product or project manager. As a result, it is very flexible. Problems could arise when product or project managers do not see eye-to-eye with various functional managers and because employees assigned to a product or project team in essence report to a functional manager as well as a product or project manager.Other Forms of Departmentation. Several other forms of departmentation also exist. Under geographic departmentation, relatively self-contained units deliver the organizations products or services in specific geographic territories. Under customer departmentation, relatively self-contained units deliver the organizations products or services to specific customer groups. The obvious goal is to provide better service to each customer group through specialization. Finally, it is not unusual to see hybrid departmentation, which involves some combination of these structures.In other words, a structure based on some mixture of functional, product, geographic, or customer departmentation. They attempt to capitalize on the strengths of various structures, while avo iding the weaknesses of others. D. Basic Methods of Coordinating Divided Labour The tasks that help organizations achieve its goals must be coordinated so that goal accomplishment is realized. Coor dination is the process of facilitating timing, communication, and feedback among work tasks. There are five basic methods of coordination. Direct Supervision. This is a very traditional form of coordination.Working through the chain of command, designated supervisors or managers coordinate the work of their subordinates. Standardization of Work Processes. Some jobs are so routine that the technology itself provides a means of coordination and little direct supervision is necessary for them to be coordinated. Work processes can also be standardized by rules and regulations. Standardization of Outputs. Coordination can also be achieved through the standardization of work outputs. The concern shifts to ensuring that the work meets certain physical and economic standards.Standardization of S kills. Coordination can be achieved through the standardization of skills. This is the case when technicians and professionals know what to expect of each other because of their standard training. Mutual Adjustment. Mutual adjustment relies on informal communication to coordinate tasks. It is useful for coordinating the most simple and the most complicated divisions of labour. 61 The five methods of coordinating divided labour can be crudely ordered in terms of the degree of discretion they permit individual workers in terms of task performance.Direct supervision permits little discretion. Standardization of processes and outputs permits successively more discretion. Finally, standardization of skills and mutual adjustment put even more control into the hands of those who are actually doing the work. E. Other Methods of Coordination Sometimes coordination problems require more customized, elaborate mechanisms. This is especially the case for lateral coordination across highly differ entiated departments. Integ ration is the process of attaining coordination across differentiated departments.In ascending order of elaboration, three methods of achieving integration include the use of liaison roles, task forces, and full-time integrators. Liaison Roles. A liaison role is occupied by a person in one department who is assigned, as part of his or her job, to achieve coordination with another department. The person serves as a part-time link between two departments. Task Forces and Teams. Task forces are temporary groups set up to solve coordination problems across several departments. Representatives from each department are included on a full-time or part-time basis. Integrators.I ntegr ators are organizational members who are permanently assigned to facilitate coordination between departments. They are especially useful for dealing with conflict between (1) highly interdependent departments, (2) which have very diverse goals and orientations, (3) in a very ambiguou s environment. II. Traditional Structural Characteristics Over the years, management scholars and practising managers have agreed on a number of characteristics that summarize the structure of organizations. A. Span of Control The span of control is the number of subordinates supervised by a manager.The larger the span, the less potential there is for coordination by direct supervision. As the span increases, the attention that a supervisor can devote to each subordinate decreases. Spans at the upper levels tend to be smaller. B. Flat versus Tall A flat organization refers to an organization with relatively few levels in its hierarchy of authority, while a tall organization refers to an organization with many levels in its hierarchy of authority. Thus, flatness versus tallness is an index of the vertical division of labour.Flatter structures tend to push decision-making powers downward and generally enhance vertical communication and coordination. C. Formalization Formalization refe rs to the extent to which work roles are highly defined by the organization. A very formalized organization tolerates little variability in the way members perform their tasks. Detailed, written job descriptions, thick procedure manuals, and the requirement to â€Å"put everything in writing† are evidence of formalization that stems from rules, regulations, and procedures.D. Centralization Centralization refers to the extent to which decision-making power is localized in a particular part of the organization. In the most centralized organization, the power for all key decisions would rest in a single individual, such as the president. In a more decentralized organization, decision- making power would be dispersed down through the hierarchy and across departments. E. Complexity Complexity refers to the extent to which organizations divide labour vertically, horizontally, and geographically.The essential characteristic of complexity is variety, and as an organization grows in c omplexity it has more kinds of people performing more kinds of tasks in more places, whether these places are departments or geographic territories. IV. Summarizing Structure Organic versus Mechanistic Mechanistic structures are organizational structures characterized by tallness, narrow spans, specialization, high centralization, and high formalization. Organic structures are organizational structures characterized by flatness, wider spans, fewer authority levels, less specialization, less formalization, and decentralization.In general, more mechanistic structures are called for when an organizations environment is more stable and its technology is more routine. Organic structures tend to work better when the environment is less stable and the technology is less routine. Many organizations, however, do not have only a single structure. Further, structure can and should change over time. When a large and established firm gets into a new line of business either on its own or by acqu iring a smaller and newer innovative firm, the innovative unit often requires some autonomy (i. e. differentiation) and a more organic structure than the established parent. As innovative units mature, they often tend to become more mechanistic and more integrated into the larger organization. V. Contemporary Organic Structures Recent years have seen the advent of new, more organic organizational structures. A. Network and Virtual Organizations In a network organization, various functions are coordinated as much by market mechanisms as by managers and formal lines of authority. Emphasis is placed on who can do what most effectively and economically rather than on fixed ties dictated by an organizational chart.All of the assets necessary to produce a finished product or service are present in the network as a whole, not held in-house by one firm. The most interesting networks are dynamic or virtual organizations. In a virtual organization an alliance of independent companies share sk ills, costs, and access to one another’s markets. It consists of a network of continually evolving independent companies. Each partner in a virtual organization contributes only in its area of core competencies. The key advantage of network and virtual organizations is their flexibility and adaptability.B. The Modular Organization A modular organization is an organization that performs a few core functions and outsources noncore activities to specialists and suppliers. Services that are often outsourced include the manufacture of parts, trucking, catering, data processing, and accounting. Thus, modular organizations are like hubs that are surrounded by networks of suppliers that can be added or removed as needed. By outsourcing noncore activities, modular organizations are able to keep unit costs low and develop new products more rapidly.They work best when they focus on the right specialty and have good suppliers. 62 C. The Boundaryless Organization In a boundaryless organiz ation, the boundaries that divide employees such as hierarchy, job function, and geography as well as those that distance companies from suppliers and customers are broken down. A boundaryless organization seeks to remove vertical, horizontal, and external barriers so that employees, managers, customers, and suppliers can work together, share ideas, and identify the best ideas for the organization.Instead of being organized around functions with many hierarchical levels, the boundaryless organization is made up of self-managing and cross- functional teams that are organized around core business processes that are critical for satisfying customers such as new-product development or materials handling. The traditional vertical hierarchy is flattened and replaced by layers of teams making the organization look more horizontal than vertical. Some believe that the boundaryless organization is the perfect organizational structure for the 21st century. VI.The Impact of Size Organizational size has a number of effects on the structure of organizations. A. Size and Structure In general, large organizations are more complex and less centralized than small organizations. Larger organizations have greater horizontal specialization and require more integrators and other coordination functions. Large organizations also rely more on formalization and often display greater vertical and geographic complexity. B. Downsizing A reduction in workforce size, popularly calleddownsizing, has been an organizational trend in recent years.Downsizing has a number of implications for organizational structure. Downsizing and Structure. Downsizing is the intentional reduction of workforce size with the goal of improving organizational efficiency or effectiveness. Downsizing usually results in a different organization, not just a smaller one. That is because there are different forces at work than those which drive growth. Also, white collar managerial and staff jobs have been hit hardest ch anging how organizations are structured. Downsizing is often accompanied by reducing horizontal and vertical complexity.Organizations become flatter and self-managed teams take over supervisory and quality control functions. Problems with Downsizing. There can be a downside to downsizing. Many organizations have not done a good job of anticipating and managing the structural and human consequences of downsizing. Organizations have a tendency to become mechanistic, particularly more formalized and centralized when threatened which works against needed flexibility in times of change. Firms may also be overzealous in their cutting and end up sub-contracting work to consultants which may be both inferior in quality and more expensive.Removing levels from the organization may be a good idea, provided that it doesnt overload the remaining staff and that everyone is comfortable with the greater levels of delegation required. Finally, the process of downsizing must be considered. Surprising people with workforce cuts is likely to result in low morale, reduced productivity, and continuing distrust of management. Research has shown that contrary to expectations, downsizing does not result in cost reductions in the long run or improvements in productivity. However, when carefully and properly implemented, downsizing can have positive consequences.VII. A Footnote: Symptoms of Structural Problems There are a number of symptoms of structural problems in organizations. Bad job design . There is a reciprocal relationship between job design and organizational structure. Frequently, improper structural arrangements turn good jobs into poor jobs in practice. The right hand doesnt know what the left is doing . If repeated examples of duplication of effort occur, or if parts of the organization work at cross- purposes, structure is suspect. Persistent conflict between departments . A failure of integration is often the source of conflicts.Slow response times . Delayed responses mi ght be due to improper structure. Decisions made with incomplete information . If decisions have been made with incomplete information, and the information existed somewhere in the organization, structure could be at fault. A proliferation of committees . When committee is piled on committee, or when task forces are being formed with great regularity, it is often a sign that the basic structure of the organization is being â€Å"patched up† because it does not work well. 63 Chapter 15: Environment, Strategy, and Technology Chapter SummaryQuestions and Exercises prepared by Alan Saks. I. The External Environment of Organizations The external environment consists of events and conditions surrounding an organization that influence its activities. The external environment has a tremendous influence on organizations and profoundly shapes organizational behavior. A. Organizations as Open Systems Organizations can be described as open systems. Open systems are systems that take inpu ts from the external environment, transform some of these inputs, and send them back into the external environment as outputs.This concept is important because it sensitizes us to the need for organizations to cope with demands of the environment on both the input and the output side. B. Components of the External Environment It is useful to divide the external environment into a manageable number of components. The General Economy. The general economy affects organizations as they profit from an upturn or suffer from a downturn. Customers. All organizations have potential customers for their products and services. Successful firms are highly sensitive to customer relations. Suppliers.Organizations are dependent on the environment for supplies that include labour, raw materials, equipment, and component parts. Shortages can cause severe difficulties. Competitors. Environmental competitors vie for resources that include both customers and suppliers. Successful organizations devote co nsiderable energy to monitoring the activities of competitors. Social/Political Factors. Organizations cannot ignore the social and political events that occur around them. Organizations must cope with a series of legal regulations that prescribe fair employment practices, proper competitive activities, product safety, and clients’ rights.Technology. The environment contains a variety of technologies that are useful for achieving organizational goals. The ability to adopt the proper technology should enhance an organization’s effectiveness. In addition to these basic components of organizational environments, there are a large number of interest groups that can exist in an organization’s environment. Interest groups are parties or organizations other than direct competitors that have some vested interest in how an organization is managed. Events in various components of the environment provide both onstraints and opportunities for organizations. C. Environmental Uncertainty Environmental uncertainty is a condition that exists when the environment is vague, difficult to diagnose, and unpredictable. Uncertainty depends on the environments complexity (simple versus complex) and its rate of change (static versus dynamic). Simple environment. A simple environment involves relatively few factors, and these factors are fairly similar to each other. Complex environment. A complex environment contains a large number of dissimilar factors that affect the organization.Static environment. The components of this environment remain fairly stable over time. Dynamic environment. The components of a highly dynamic environment are in a constant state of change, which is unpredictable and irregular, not cyclical. It is possible to arrange the rate of change and complexity in a matrix. A simple/static environment should provoke the least uncertainty, while a dynamic/complex environment should provoke the most. Some research suggests that change has more influ ence than complexity on uncertainty.Thus, we might expect a static/complex environment to be somewhat more certain than a dynamic/simple environment. Increasing uncertainty has several predictable effects on organizations including being less clear about cause-and-effect relationships, more difficulty agreeing on priorities, and more information must be processed by the organization to make adequate decisions. Organizations will act to cope with or reduce uncertainty because uncertainty increases the difficulty of decision making and thus threatens organizational effectiveness. D. Resource DependenceBecause organizations are open systems that receive inputs from the external environment and transfer outputs into this environment, they are in a state of resource dependence with regard to their environments. Resource dependence refers to the dependency of organizations on environmental inputs, such as capital, raw materials, and human resources. Carefully managing and coping with this resource dependence is a key to survival and success. Although all organizations are dependent on their environments for resources, some organizations are more dependent than others.As well, resource dependence can be fairly independent of environmental uncertainty, and dealing with one issue will not necessarily have an effect on the other. Organizations are not totally at the mercy of their environments. However, they must develop strategies for managing both resource dependence and environmental uncertainty. II. Strategic Responses to Uncertainty and Resource Dependence Organizations devote considerable effort to developing and implementing strategies to cope with environmental uncertainty and resource dependence.Strategy can be defined as the process by which top executives seek to cope with the constraints and opportunities posed by an organizations environment. It is the perceived environment that comprises the basis for strategy formulation. Strategy formulation involves det ermining the mission, goals, and objectives of the organization. The chosen strategy must correspond to the constraints and opportunities of the environment. A. Organizational Structure as a Strategic Response Paul Lawrence and Jay Lorsch studied how organizations should be structured to cope with environmental uncertainty.They found a close connection among environment, structure, and effectiveness. When there is a great range of uncertainty across the sub-environments faced by various organizational departments, the organization must be highly differentiated. Lawrence and Lorsch found that successful organizations facing a certain 64 environment were fairly undifferentiated and tended to adopt mechanistic structures. Effective organizations facing an uncertain environment were highly differentiated and tended to adopt organic structures.The argument that strategy determines structure is a reasonable conclusion when considering an organization undergoing great change or the formula tion of a new organization. However, for ongoing organizations, structure sometimes dictates strategy formulation. In general, organizations tailor structure to strategy in coping with the environment. However, structure sometimes dictates strategy formulation. B. Other Forms of Strategic Response Variations on organizational structure are not the only strategic response that organizations can make.Structural variations often accompany other responses that are oriented toward coping with environmental uncertainty or resource dependence. Some more elaborate forms of strategic responses concern relationships between organizations. Vertical integration. Vertical integration refers to the strategy of formally taking control of sources of organizational supply and distribution. Vertical integration can reduce risk for an organization in many cases but when the environment becomes very turbulent, it can reduce flexibility and actually increase risk.Managerial inefficiencies can also devel op as a result of control and coordination difficulties. Mergers and Acquisitions. Themerger or joining of two firms and theacquisition of one firm by another has become common strategic responses. Some mergers and acquisitions are stimulated by simple economies of scale. Other mergers and acquisitions are pursued for purposes of vertical integration. Strategic Alliances. Strategic alliances refer to actively cooperative relationships between legally separate organizations.The organizations in question retain their own cultures, but true cooperation replaces distrust, competition, or conflict for the project at hand. Properly designed, such alliances reduce risk and uncertainty for all parties, and resource interdependence is recognized. Organizations can engage in strategic alliances with competitors, suppliers, customers, and unions. Interlocking Directorates. Interlocking directorates refers to a condition that exists when one person serves on two or more boards of directors. The y provide a subtle but effective means of coping with environmental uncertainty and resource dependence.The director’s expertise and experience with one organization can provide valuable information for another. Interlocks can also serve as a means of influencing public opinion about the wealth, status, or social conscience of a particular organization. Establishing Legitimacy. One way for organizations to respond to the dilemma of making correct organizational responses when it is hard to know which response is correct is to do things that make the organization appear legitimate to various constituents. Establishing legitimacy involves taking actions that conform to prevailing norms and expectations.This will often be strategically correct, but equally important, it will have the appearance of being strategically correct. In turn, management will appear to be rational, and providers of resources will feel comfortable with the organization’s actions. Legitimacy can be achieved by conforming to established industry practices, bringing high profile people onto the board of directors, or making visible responses to social issues. The most common way of achieving legitimacy is to imitate management practices that other firms have institutionalized. III. The Technologies of OrganizationsTechnology can be defined as the activities, equipment, and knowledge necessary to turn organizational inputs into desired outputs. The concepts of technology and environment are closely related. Organizations choose their technologies. In general, this choice will be predicated on a desired strategy. Also, different parts of an organization rely on different technologies, just as they respond to different aspects of the environment as a whole. A. Basic Dimensions of Technology Three classification schemes of technology that can be applied to manufacturing firms and to service organizations are those of Charles Perrow, James D.Thompson, and Joanne Woodward. Perrow†™s Routineness. According to Perrow, the key factor that differentiates various technologies is the routineness of the transformation task that confronts the department or organization. Technological routineness refers to the extent to which exceptions and problems affect the task of converting inputs into outputs. It is a function of two factors: Exceptions. An organization that uses standardized inputs to produce standardized outputs confronts few exceptions compared with one that uses varied inputs and produces varied outputs. Technology is less routine as exceptions increase.Problems. When exceptions occur, are the problems easy to analyze or difficult to analyze? That is, can programmed decision-making occur, or must workers resort to nonprogrammed decision making? The technology becomes less routine as problems become more difficult to analyze. These dimensions can be arranged to produce a matrix of technologies. The matrix includes the following technologies: Craft technolo gies deal with fairly standard inputs and outputs. Routine technologies , such as assembly line operations and technical schools, also deal with standardized inputs and outputs.Nonroutine technologies must deal frequently with exceptional inputs or outputs, and the analysis of these exceptions is often difficult. Engineering technologies encounter many exceptions of input or required output, but these exceptions can be dealt with by using standardized responses. From most routine to least routine, Perrow’s four technological classifications can be ordered in the following manner: routine, engineering, craft, and nonroutine. Thompson’s Interdependence. In contrast to Perrow, James D.Thompson was interested in the way in which work activities are sequenced or â€Å"put together† during the transformation process. A key factor is technological interdependence which is the extent to which organizational subunits depend on each other for resources, such as raw materi als or information. In order of increasing interdependence, Thompson proposed three classifications of technology as follows: Mediating technologies operate under pooled interdependence. This means that each unit is to some extent dependent on the pooled resources generated by other units but is otherwise fairly independent of those units.Long-linked technologies operate under sequential interdependence. This means that each unit in the technology is dependent on the activity of the unit that preceded it in a sequence. The transformed product of each unit becomes a resource or raw material for the next unit. Intensive technologies operate under reciprocal interdependence. This means that considerable interplay and mutual feedback must occur between the units performing the task in order to accomplish it properly. This is necessary because each task is unique, and the intensive technology is thus a customized technology.As technologies become increasingly interdependent, problems of coordination, communication, and decision making increase. To perform effectively, each technology requires a tailored structure to facilitate these tasks.